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Biology A2 Rafa > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of why respiration is needed?

A
  • active transport
  • endo/exocytosis
  • synthesis of large molecules
  • DNA replication
  • cell division
  • movement (e.g. bacterial flagella and moving organelles)
  • activation of chemicals (e.g. glucose is phosphorylated)
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2
Q

Properties of ATP

A

relatively stable
may be moved around in solution
readily hydrolysed by enzymes

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3
Q

What is the base in ATP?

A

Adenine

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4
Q

What are the bonds between P molecules on ATP called?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds

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5
Q

What is the bond between ribose and phosphate group called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

What are the four stages of respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. the link reaction
  3. the krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

Difference between glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

A

Aerobic: pyruvate goes into matrix
Anaerobic: pyruvate is fermented into lactate or ethanol

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8
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

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9
Q

Net gain of substances in glycolysis per molecule of glucose

A

2 ATP
2 red. NAD
2 pyruvate

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10
Q

How does NAD become reduced in glycolysis?

A

It accepts hydrogen ions from triose phosphate and triose phosphate is oxidised

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11
Q

Order of products of glycolysis

A 
glucose
glucose 6 phosphate
fructose 1 phosphate
hexose-1,6-phosphate
2x triose phosphate
2x pyruvate
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12
Q

Define cristae

A

inner highly-folded mitochondrial membrane

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13
Q

Define mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid-filled inner part of mitochodria

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14
Q

What is the envelope

A

Inner and outer membrane of mitochondria together

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15
Q

Length of mitochondria

A

2-5 micrometres

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16
Q

Diameter of mitochondria

A

0.5-1.0 micrometres

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17
Q

What are some proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • electrons carriers (arranged in electron transport chains)

- ATP synthase

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18
Q

How does pyruvate get to the matrix?

A

Actively transported using a pyruvate-H+ symport protein

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19
Q

Whats produced per molecule of glucose in the link reaction?

A

2 red. NAD

2CO2

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20
Q

What is produced per molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle?

A

6 red.NAD
2 red. FAD
4CO2
2ATP

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21
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

O2

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22
Q

How much ATP do 6 molecules of red.NAD produce?

A

25

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23
Q

How much ATP do 2 molecules of red.FAD produce?

A

3

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24
Q

Total ATP yield from one glucose?

A

32

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25
Q

Why do we rarely get 32 molecules of ATP?

A
  • ATP used in active transport of pyruvate into matrix
  • ATP required to ‘shuttle’ red.NAD made in glycolysis to mitochondria
  • some protons may leak out of the outer mitochondrial membrane
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26
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

flow of protons, down their concentration gradient, across a membrane, through a channel associated with ATP synthase

27
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP using energy released in the electron transport chain and in the presence of oxygen. It is the last stage of aerobic respiration

28
Q

What happens when there is no oxygen for respiration?

A

H+ ions accumulate in the matrix and offset the proton concentration gradient
oxidative phosphorylation ceases
red.NAD and red.FAD unable to offload H atoms, cannot be reoxidised
Krebs and link reaction stop as not enough NAD and FAD

29
Q

What is unaffected by lack of oxygen?

A

glycolysis

30
Q

Describe the ethanol fermentation pathway

A

pyruvate (pyruvate decarboxylase) - ethanal (ethanol dehydrogenase) - ethanol

31
Q

How can you eliminate CO2 as a variable when measuring the rate of respiration?

A

may be absorbed by soda lime or sodium hydroxide

32
Q

What do you use to measure the rate of respiration?

A

Respirometer

33
Q

Describe the respirometer

A
  • there are 2 chambers that are airtight
  • one chamber has organism (and CO2 absorber) and the other has an inert object with equal volume
  • they are connected by a manometer tube containing a fluid
  • fluid moves due to difference in pressure
  • if you know radius and distance travelled, you can work out volume
34
Q

Define respiratory substrate

A

an organic substrate that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy to make molecules of ATP

35
Q

Why is respiration of lipids important?

A

important for muscles cells

more ATP produced per unit mass than carbohydrates

36
Q

Why are yeast good for measuring rate of respiration?

A

They are unicellular organisms so you can put them in test tubes with respiratory substrates

37
Q

Type of yeast we need to know

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

38
Q

Why is it difficult to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration?

A

We cannot measure oxygen uptake

39
Q

What do we use to measure anaerobic respiration?

A
  • counting cells as the rate of reproduction is dependent on the amount of ATP available
  • ethanol is also produced which could kill yeast
40
Q

How do we measure anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Two flasks filled with respiratory substrate and drops of yeast
  • Leave for specified time in warm place
  • One is well ventilated and other has cheese cloth/muslin
  • Pipette out solution on a haemocytometer and look at slide under microscope
  • count amount of cells per square
41
Q

What substrates can we respire?

A

glucose
lipids
proteins
they all have different relative energy values

42
Q

Where are the cells in the body that only use glucose?

A

brain, red blood cells

43
Q

What enzyme can change other monosaccharides into glucose?

A

isomerase

44
Q

Explain the beta oxidation pathway

A

fatty acid (ATP-AMP) = fatty acid-CoA complex which goes into the matrix and produces x acetyl CoA (2C)

45
Q

What does the beta oxidation pathway produce?

A

NADH and FADH and AMP

46
Q

How are proteins respired?

A

Keto acid produced from deamination can enter as pyruvate or acetyl CoA or Krebs cycle acid

47
Q

What determines where the keto acid enters the respiratory pathway?

A

where it was derived from e.g. what amino acid

48
Q

Amino acids that enter as pyruvate

A 
threonine
glycine
serine
cysteine
typtophan
49
Q

Amino acids that enter as acetyl CoA

A

lysine
tryptophan
leucine
isoleucine

50
Q

Amino acids that enter as Krebs cycle acids

A

glutamate

proline

51
Q

When do we use respiration of proteins?

A

fasting, starving and prolonged exercise

52
Q

Does protein or carbohydrate respiration produce for ATP

A

protein

53
Q

What does the energy value relate to?

A

Number of H atoms in a compounds
More = more H+
Higher proton motor force

54
Q

Order of respiratory values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

lipid (most)
protein
carbohydrate (least)

55
Q

What do we need more of when there are more hydrogen atoms in a respiring molecule?

A

More oxygen atoms to combine to make H2O

56
Q

What is the respiratory quotient?

A

The volume of CO2/ volume of oxygen consumed

57
Q

What is the RQ of glucose?

A

1

58
Q

What is the RQ of fatty acids?

A

0.7

59
Q

What is the RQ of amino acids?

A

0.8-0.9

60
Q

Where can glycerol enter aerobic respiration?

A

as triose phosphate

61
Q

Why do fats produce more energy than carbohydrates?

A

more protons for oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

How are fatty acids respired?

A
  • ATP used to combined fatty acid with CoA
  • fatty acid-CoA complex goes to mitochondrial matrix
  • broken down into two-carbon acetyl groups, each attached to CoA
  • beta-oxidation pathway genertaed NADH and FADH
  • acetyl groups released from CoA and enter Krebs
63
Q

How many carbons does oxaloacetate have?

A

4

64
Q

How do proteins enter aerobic respiration?

A

keto acid enters as pyruvate, acetyl CoA or Krebs cycle acid

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

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