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Biology A2 Rafa > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of why respiration is needed?

A
  • active transport
  • endo/exocytosis
  • synthesis of large molecules
  • DNA replication
  • cell division
  • movement (e.g. bacterial flagella and moving organelles)
  • activation of chemicals (e.g. glucose is phosphorylated)
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2
Q

Properties of ATP

A

relatively stable
may be moved around in solution
readily hydrolysed by enzymes

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3
Q

What is the base in ATP?

A

Adenine

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4
Q

What are the bonds between P molecules on ATP called?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds

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5
Q

What is the bond between ribose and phosphate group called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

What are the four stages of respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. the link reaction
  3. the krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

Difference between glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

A

Aerobic: pyruvate goes into matrix
Anaerobic: pyruvate is fermented into lactate or ethanol

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8
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

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9
Q

Net gain of substances in glycolysis per molecule of glucose

A

2 ATP
2 red. NAD
2 pyruvate

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10
Q

How does NAD become reduced in glycolysis?

A

It accepts hydrogen ions from triose phosphate and triose phosphate is oxidised

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11
Q

Order of products of glycolysis

A 
glucose
glucose 6 phosphate
fructose 1 phosphate
hexose-1,6-phosphate
2x triose phosphate
2x pyruvate
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12
Q

Define cristae

A

inner highly-folded mitochondrial membrane

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13
Q

Define mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid-filled inner part of mitochodria

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14
Q

What is the envelope

A

Inner and outer membrane of mitochondria together

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15
Q

Length of mitochondria

A

2-5 micrometres

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16
Q

Diameter of mitochondria

A

0.5-1.0 micrometres

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17
Q

What are some proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A
  • electrons carriers (arranged in electron transport chains)

- ATP synthase

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18
Q

How does pyruvate get to the matrix?

A

Actively transported using a pyruvate-H+ symport protein

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19
Q

Whats produced per molecule of glucose in the link reaction?

A

2 red. NAD

2CO2

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20
Q

What is produced per molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle?

A

6 red.NAD
2 red. FAD
4CO2
2ATP

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21
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

O2

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22
Q

How much ATP do 6 molecules of red.NAD produce?

A

25

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23
Q

How much ATP do 2 molecules of red.FAD produce?

A

3

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24
Q

Total ATP yield from one glucose?

A

32

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25
Why do we rarely get 32 molecules of ATP?
- ATP used in active transport of pyruvate into matrix - ATP required to 'shuttle' red.NAD made in glycolysis to mitochondria - some protons may leak out of the outer mitochondrial membrane
26
Define chemiosmosis
flow of protons, down their concentration gradient, across a membrane, through a channel associated with ATP synthase
27
Define oxidative phosphorylation
the formation of ATP using energy released in the electron transport chain and in the presence of oxygen. It is the last stage of aerobic respiration
28
What happens when there is no oxygen for respiration?
H+ ions accumulate in the matrix and offset the proton concentration gradient oxidative phosphorylation ceases red.NAD and red.FAD unable to offload H atoms, cannot be reoxidised Krebs and link reaction stop as not enough NAD and FAD
29
What is unaffected by lack of oxygen?
glycolysis
30
Describe the ethanol fermentation pathway
pyruvate (pyruvate decarboxylase) - ethanal (ethanol dehydrogenase) - ethanol
31
How can you eliminate CO2 as a variable when measuring the rate of respiration?
may be absorbed by soda lime or sodium hydroxide
32
What do you use to measure the rate of respiration?
Respirometer
33
Describe the respirometer
- there are 2 chambers that are airtight - one chamber has organism (and CO2 absorber) and the other has an inert object with equal volume - they are connected by a manometer tube containing a fluid - fluid moves due to difference in pressure - if you know radius and distance travelled, you can work out volume
34
Define respiratory substrate
an organic substrate that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy to make molecules of ATP
35
Why is respiration of lipids important?
important for muscles cells | more ATP produced per unit mass than carbohydrates
36
Why are yeast good for measuring rate of respiration?
They are unicellular organisms so you can put them in test tubes with respiratory substrates
37
Type of yeast we need to know
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
38
Why is it difficult to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration?
We cannot measure oxygen uptake
39
What do we use to measure anaerobic respiration?
- counting cells as the rate of reproduction is dependent on the amount of ATP available - ethanol is also produced which could kill yeast
40
How do we measure anaerobic respiration?
- Two flasks filled with respiratory substrate and drops of yeast - Leave for specified time in warm place - One is well ventilated and other has cheese cloth/muslin - Pipette out solution on a haemocytometer and look at slide under microscope - count amount of cells per square
41
What substrates can we respire?
glucose lipids proteins they all have different relative energy values
42
Where are the cells in the body that only use glucose?
brain, red blood cells
43
What enzyme can change other monosaccharides into glucose?
isomerase
44
Explain the beta oxidation pathway
fatty acid (ATP-AMP) = fatty acid-CoA complex which goes into the matrix and produces x acetyl CoA (2C)
45
What does the beta oxidation pathway produce?
NADH and FADH and AMP
46
How are proteins respired?
Keto acid produced from deamination can enter as pyruvate or acetyl CoA or Krebs cycle acid
47
What determines where the keto acid enters the respiratory pathway?
where it was derived from e.g. what amino acid
48
Amino acids that enter as pyruvate
``` threonine glycine serine cysteine typtophan ```
49
Amino acids that enter as acetyl CoA
lysine tryptophan leucine isoleucine
50
Amino acids that enter as Krebs cycle acids
glutamate | proline
51
When do we use respiration of proteins?
fasting, starving and prolonged exercise
52
Does protein or carbohydrate respiration produce for ATP
protein
53
What does the energy value relate to?
Number of H atoms in a compounds More = more H+ Higher proton motor force
54
Order of respiratory values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
lipid (most) protein carbohydrate (least)
55
What do we need more of when there are more hydrogen atoms in a respiring molecule?
More oxygen atoms to combine to make H2O
56
What is the respiratory quotient?
The volume of CO2/ volume of oxygen consumed
57
What is the RQ of glucose?
1
58
What is the RQ of fatty acids?
0.7
59
What is the RQ of amino acids?
0.8-0.9
60
Where can glycerol enter aerobic respiration?
as triose phosphate
61
Why do fats produce more energy than carbohydrates?
more protons for oxidative phosphorylation
62
How are fatty acids respired?
- ATP used to combined fatty acid with CoA - fatty acid-CoA complex goes to mitochondrial matrix - broken down into two-carbon acetyl groups, each attached to CoA - beta-oxidation pathway genertaed NADH and FADH - acetyl groups released from CoA and enter Krebs
63
How many carbons does oxaloacetate have?
4
64
How do proteins enter aerobic respiration?
keto acid enters as pyruvate, acetyl CoA or Krebs cycle acid

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

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