Anterior mediastinum, pericardial cavity, surface anatomy Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum
- Superior mediastinum
- Inferior Mediastinum
- anterior section
- middle section
- posterior section
what is found in the anterior mediastinum?
the thymus gland - found in children, extends from cricoid cartilage to retrosternal area
what gland is present in childhood but regresses in adulthood?
They Thymus gland - produces T cells in a child
what does the middle mediastinum contain?
the pericardium, the heart, and the roots of the great vessels
what nerves supply the pericardium?
the phrenic nerve
what is it called when the pericardium fills with fluid?
pericardial effusion
what is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
what are the layers of the pericardium?
“Fart Police Smell Villains”
F – Fibrous layer of the pericardium
P – Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
S – Serous fluid
V – Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
what is the space inbetween the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium?
the pericardial cavity
what chambers of the heart can you see anteriorly?
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
what makes up the lateral border of the heart?
right atrium
what makes up the inferior border of the heart?
right ventricle and the apex
what makes up the lateral border of the heart?
left ventricle and the left atrial appendage
what occurs at level T4?
- bifurcation of the trachea
- bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
- azygos termination
- ligamentum arteriosum
what is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?
it is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus or the embryological ‘bypass’ of the lungs
- found between the left pulmonary artery and inferior surface of arch of aorta
where do we find the apex beat of the heart?
the position is the most lateral and inferior point at which palpating fingers feel the heart beat
*normally at 5th ICS midclavicular line left of sternum
what are the borders of the heart on surface anatomy?
3rd CC, 6th CC to the right of sternum
2nd CC, 5th ICS to the left of sternum
describe the large arteries and veins moving out and into the heart
Superior vena cava- bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium
palmonary artery - from right ventricle to the lungs
pulmonary veins (4) - from lungs to left atrium
aorta - from left ventricle to the body
how can you tell the difference between a vein and artery?
arteries go away from the heart
veins go towards the heart
what are the four valves of theheart?
- tricuspid valve- between right atrium and right ventricle
- pulmonary valve - 3 semilunar cusps
- mitral valve -between left atrium and ventricle - bicuspid
- aortic valve- 3 semilunar cusps (anterior, right posterior, and left posterior)
what are the positions of the heart valves on surface anatomy?
remember 3344 PAMT
3rd CC- pulmonary
3rd ICS - Aortic
4th CC- mitral
4th ICS - Tricuspid
where can you auscultate the aortic valve?
2nd ICS right of sternum
where can you auscultate the pulmonary valve?
2nd ICS left of sternum
where can you auscultate the tricuspid valve?
Near 5th ICS left of sternum
where can you auscultate the mitral valve?
5th ICS mid clavicular line - left of sternum
where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?
beihnd the aorta
how do the right and left branches of the aorta differ?
on the left side, the left common carotid and the left subclavian come directly off the aortic arch
on the right side, the right brachiocephalic trunk comes directly off the aortic arch then bifurcates into the right subclavian and the right common carotid artery
describe the branches of the superior vena cava
the superior vena cava bifurcates into the brachiocephalic veins, then each side splits again into the right subclavian and the Right Internal jugular vein, and the left internal jugular vein and the left sublcavian
where do the laryngeal nerves give motor innervation to? somatic?
they give motor to the vocal cords and sensory to the larynx
where do the laryngeal nerves stem from?
they stem from the vagus nerves
