6.4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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2
Q

describe chlorination

A

use phosphorous chloride
vigorous at room temperature

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3
Q

describe chlorination of tertiary alcohols

A

mix with concentrated HCl at room temperature

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4
Q

describe bromination

A

use potassium bromide and 50% concentrated sulfuric acid

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5
Q

describe iodination

A

use red phosphorus and iodine
heat under reflux

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6
Q

describe dehydration to alkenes

A

heating the alcohol with phosphoric acid

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7
Q

define ketones

A

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by oxidation of secondary alcohol

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8
Q

define aldehyde

A

homologous series of organic compounds formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols

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9
Q

is a ketone or an aldehyde more easily oxidized

A

aldehyde

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10
Q

what is an aldehyde oxidized to

A

carboxylic acid

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11
Q

define carboxylic acid

A

homologous series of organic compounds formed by the complete oxidation of primary alcohols

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12
Q

what do primary and secondary alcohols form when they are oxidized

A

secondary alcohol -> ketone
primary alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

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13
Q

what are the reagents for oxidation of alcohols and how are they represented in an equation

A

potassium dichromate (VI)
dilute sulfuric acid
[O]
colour change - orange -> green

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14
Q

what is heating under reflux

A

heating a reaction mixture with a condenser fitted vertically

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15
Q

what is distillation with addition

A

heating a reaction mixture but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms

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16
Q

what could be contaminating organic compounds

A

unreacted starting materials
other organic compounds
inorganic reagents
inorganic products
water

17
Q

what techniques can be used to purify an organic mixture

A

simple distillation
fractional distillation
solvent extraction
drying

18
Q

what are the issues with doing practical’s with organic substances

A

flammable
toxic
increased risk of leaks and contamination

19
Q

define simple distillation

A

used to separate liquids with very different boiling temperatures

20
Q

summarize simple distillation

A

heat in flask with condenser
lowest bp evaporates first and is passed to the condenser
thermometer monitors temperature
if temp remains steady a compound is being distilled

21
Q

define fractional distillation

A

used to separate liquids with similar boiling temperatures

22
Q

summarize fractional distillation

A

same apparatus as simple distillation with a fractionating column filled with glass beads so the vapor can condense and evaporate repeatedly which provides better separation

23
Q

define solvent extraction

A

used to separate a liquid from a mixture by causing it to move from the mixture to the solvent

24
Q

what does immiscible mean

A

doesn’t mix

25
summarize solvent extraction
place reaction mixture in a separating funnel stopper and gently shake allow contents to settle open tap and allow the lower layer to drain
26
state some good drying agents and why they are effective
anhydrogenous salts (calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride) doesn't react with the organic compound adsorbs the water as water of crystallization forming a hydrated salt
27
summarize drying
drying agent added, swirled and left for a period of time drying agent goes from powdery to crystalline and when the organic liquid has been dried more drying agent can be added and it will stay a powder drying agent is removed by filtration on decantation
28
how do impurities effect boiling points
more impurities the higher the bp