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RT 206 > 6.2 Biologic Effects of Radiation > Flashcards

6.2 Biologic Effects of Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately ___ of all deaths are caused by
cancer; therefore, any radiation-induced cancers
are obscured.

A

20%

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2
Q

Thyroid Cancer as a effect of radiation was first manifested by

A
  • Ann Arbor series and the Rochester series

- Rongelap Atoll natives

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3
Q

Consisted of individuals who were treated

shortly after birth for thymic enlargement

A

Ann Arbor series and the Rochester series

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4
Q

The thymus gland was irradiated with doses up
to ____ and would shrink so small the
enlargement would disappear

A

5 Gyt (500 rad)

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5
Q

No additional problems were evident until _____ later, when thyroid nodules and thyroid
cancer began to develop in some of these
patients

A

20 years

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6
Q

21 children were subjected to high levels of radiation

fallout during a hydrogen bomb test

A

Rongelap Atoll natives

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7
Q

is a gland lying just below the thyroid gland that can enlarge
shortly after birth in response to infection

A

thymus

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8
Q

These children received
radiation doses to the thyroid gland from both external
exposure and internal ingestion of approximately

A

12 Gyt (1200 rad)

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9
Q

If one computes the incidence of thyroid nodularity, considered _____, in these three groups and plots this incidence as a function of estimated dose

A

preneoplastic

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10
Q

Cancer dose-response relationship

A

linear, nonthreshold

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11
Q

Bone Cancer as a effect of radiation was first manifested by

A
  • Radium Watch-Dial Painters

- Patients treated with radium salt

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12
Q

in the 1920s and 1930s, various small laboratories
hired employees who worked at benches painting watch
dials with paint laden with

A

radium sulfate

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13
Q

To prepare a fine point on the paint-brushes, the employees would touch the tip of the brush
to the tongue. In this manner, substantial quantities of
____ were ingested

A

radium

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14
Q

were used because the emitted radiation, principally alpha and beta particles, would continuously excite the luminous compounds so the watch dial would glow in the dark

A

Radium salts

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15
Q

Current technology uses

harmlessly low levels of _____ for this purpose aside from using radium

A

tritium (3H) and promethium

147Pm

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16
Q

When ingested, the _____ behaves metabolically

similar to calcium and deposits in bone

A

radium

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17
Q

Because of radium’s long half-life _____ and
alpha emission, these employees received radiation
doses to bone of up to ______

A 
1620 years,
500 Gyt (50,000 rad)
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18
Q

___ bone cancers in approximately 800 persons have
been observed during a follow-up period in excess of 50
years

A

72

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19
Q

Bone cancer absolute risk

A

1×10^−2 Sv^−1 / (1×10^−4 rem^−1)

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20
Q

Another population in whom excess bone cancer

developed consisted of _____ for a variety of diseases, from arthritis to tuberculosis

A

patients treated with radium salts

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21
Q

usually begins with the development of

a radiodermatitis

A

Skin cancer

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22
Q

Radiation-induced skin cancer follows a _____

dose-response relationship

A

threshold

23
Q

Skin cancer first manifested by:

A

radiation therapy recipients treated with orthovoltage (200 to
300 kVp) or superficial x-rays (50 to 150 kVp)

24
Q

orthovoltage

A

200 to 300 kVp

25
Q

superficial x-rays

A

50 to 150 kVp

26
Q

From these data, we conclude that the latent period of skin cancer is approximately ____ years, but we do not have
enough data to assign absolute risk values

A

5 to 10

27
Q

Relative risk of 5 to 20 Gyt (500 to 2000 rad)

A

4:1

28
Q

Relative risk of 40 to 60 Gyt (4000 to 6000 rad)

A

14:1

29
Q

Relative risk of 60 to 100 Gyt (6000 to 10,000 rad)

A

27:1

30
Q

Breast cancer first manifested by:

A
  • Patients with tuberculosis
  • Patients with acute postpartum mastitis
  • Atomic Bomb Survivors
31
Q

Lung cancer first manifested by:

A
  • Bohemian pitchblende mines of Germany (Germany miners)

- American uranium miners active in the Colorado plateau (Colorado miners)

32
Q

was for many years treated by isolation
in a sanitarium. During the patient’s stay, one mode of therapy was to induce a pneumothorax
in the affected lung; this was done
under fluoroscopy

A

Tuberculosis

33
Q

In some of tuberculosis patient populations the relative risk for radiation-induced breast cancer was shown to be as high as _____

A

10:1

34
Q

Radiation-induced breast cancer exhibits a ______ dose-response relationship

A

linear, nonthreshold

35
Q

The dose to acute postpartum mastitis patients ranged from _____

A

0.75 to 10 Gyt (75 to 1000 rad)

36
Q

The relative risk factor in patients with postpartum mastitis patients was approximately ___

A

3:1

37
Q

observations on nearly 12,000 women who received
radiation doses to the breasts of ____ or more
showed a relative risk of ____

A

100 mGyt,

4:1

38
Q

On the basis of
all available data regarding radiation-induced breast
cancer, the best estimate for absolute risk is

A

6×10^−2 Sv^−1

6×10^−4 rem^−1

39
Q

Early in the 20th century, it was observed that

approximately 50% of workers in the Bohemian pitchblende mines of Germany died of ____

A

lung cancer

40
Q

it is known that radiation exposure from ____ in the mines (Germany) contributed to the incidence of lung cancer in these miners

A

radon

41
Q

The radiation exposure in these mines (Colorado) occurred because of the high concentration of _____

A

uranium ore

42
Q

is radioactive with a very long half-life
of 109 years, decays through a series of radioactive
nuclides by successive alpha and beta emissions, each
accompanied by gamma radiation

A

Uranium

43
Q

is an alpha-emitting radionuclide that
adsorbs on dust particles, which lodge in the
alveolar spaces of the lung.

A

Radon

44
Q

One of the decay products of uranium is _____. This radionuclide is a gas that emanates through
the rock to produce a high concentration in air

A

radon (222Rn)

45
Q

To date, more than 4000 uranium miners have been observed, and they have received estimated doses to lung tissue as high as _____; on this basis, the relative risk was approximately ___

A 
30 Gyt (3000 rad),
8:1
46
Q

It is interesting

to note that smoking uranium miners have a relative risk of approximately ___

A

20:1

47
Q 
Thorium dioxide (ThO2) in a colloidal suspension
known as \_\_\_\_\_ was widely used in diagnostic
radiology between 1925 and 1945 as a contrast agent for angiography
A

Thorotrast

48
Q

was approximately 25%
ThO2 by weight, and it contained several radioactive
isotopes of thorium and its decay products

A

Thorotrast

49
Q

Radiation that was emitted produced a dose in the ratio of approximately ____ of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation,
respectively

A

100:10:1

50
Q

The use of Thorotrast has been shown to be responsible for several types of carcinoma after a latent period
of approximately ____

A

15 to 20 years

51
Q

After extravascular

injection, Thorotrast is carcinogenic at the ____

A

site of the injection

52
Q

After intravascular injection, ThO2 particles are deposited in phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system
and are concentrated in the _____

A

liver and spleen

53
Q

Cause of liver cancer

A

Thorotrast (Thorium dioxide (ThO2)

54
Q

In 1945, The US denoted 2 nuclear warheads over the Japanese sities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; ______ was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, 3 days later _____ was dropped in Nagasaki, atomic bomb survivors later developed _____

A

Little boy,
Fat man,
Leukemia

RT 206 (9 decks)

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