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RT 206 > 2. Radiation Biology > Flashcards

2. Radiation Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The basic unit of

structure and function of all living things

A

Cells

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2
Q

It is at the cellular level

that the fundamental life functions occur

A

Cells

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3
Q

collections of similar

cells that work to perform a particular function

A

Tissues

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4
Q

combination of tissues to perform a specific

function

A

Organ

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5
Q

organs that have similar or related functions

A

System

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6
Q

Chemical Configuration of Cells

A

-contains organic and inorganic
compounds which are either
dissolved or suspended in water
-contains 70-85% water

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7
Q

Functions of Water:

A
  • Acts as a solvent
  • Acts as transport medium
  • Serves to lubricate joints and digestive tract
  • Regulates body Temperature
  • Cushions Organs
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8
Q

chemical substances that contain carbon

A

Organic Compound

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9
Q

Organic Compound Four Major Classes:

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Lipids
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10
Q

Protein composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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11
Q

Assists in growth, construction of new tissue, repair of injury or worn out tissues

A

Protein

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12
Q

building blocks of protein

A

Amino Acids

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13
Q

act as organic catalysts

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

provide cell energy, help make new cell parts, control almost
every cell process

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

Lipids contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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16
Q

store energy, insulate bodies, assists in digestive processes, and
lubricate joints

A

Lipids

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17
Q

Carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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18
Q

the major source of cell energy

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

simple sugars and cannot be broken down further and examples

A

Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, and galactose)

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20
Q

double sugars and examples

A

Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose, and lactose)

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21
Q

macromolecules constructed of hundreds to thousands of simple sugar molecules in a long chain and examples

A

Polysaccharides (e.g. starch and cellulose)

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22
Q

Nucleic Acids contain

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorous

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23
Q

largest known organic molecule

A

Nucleic Acids

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24
Q

Nucleic Acids are composed of smaller subunits called

A

Nucleotides

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25
Q

pentose + phosphate + nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotide

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26
Q

Adenine & Guanine

A

Purines

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27
Q

Cytosine, Thymine or Uracil

A

Pyrimidines

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28
Q

are the inorganic substance in the cell (eg. Sodium & Potassium)

A

mineral salts

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29
Q

are required for the cell to function correctly

A

Inorganic Compounds

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30
Q

assist in producing cell energy and conducting nerve impulses

A

Inorganic Compounds

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31
Q

Cell Structure

A
  • Cell Membrane

- Protoplasm

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32
Q

Protoplasm parts

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Organelles
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33
Q

functions to separate the cell’s

interior from its exterior surroundings, and also from adjacent cell

A

Cell Membrane

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34
Q

Cell Membrane Also known as

A

plasma membrane

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35
Q

Selectively semi-permeable

A

Cell Membrane

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36
Q

Composed of lipids and proteins arranged in a double layer

A

Cell Membrane

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37
Q

comprises the living part of the cell

A

Protoplasm

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38
Q

It is enclosed within the cell membrane

A

Protoplasm

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39
Q

a watery solution composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
minerals, salts and water

A

Cytoplasm

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40
Q

Protein synthesis and cellular respiration, and chemical processes such as metabolism take place in the

A

Cytoplasm

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41
Q

the process of converting a complex substance into a simpler

substance

A

Catabolism

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42
Q

e.g. breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids

A

Catabolism

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43
Q

the building up of a body’s substance

A

Anabolism

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44
Q

e.g. build up of muscle mass

A

Anabolism

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45
Q

are located within the cytoplasm and help with cell functioning

A

Organelles

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46
Q

include the centrioles,
endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, and the nucleus

A

Cell organelles

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47
Q

are a pair of cylindrical

organelles that function to organize the spindle fibers during cell mitosis

A

Centrioles

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48
Q

Centrioles contained within the

A

centrosome

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49
Q

tubular network that extends from
the nuclear membrane to the cell
membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q

assists in channeling proteins and

lipids into and out of the nucleus

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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51
Q

Double-membraned oval organelles where aerobic reactions of cell respiration
take place in

A

Mitochondria

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52
Q

The double-membrane of the mitochondria contains _____, which assist in
breaking down carbohydrates, fat, and proteins into energy, stored in the cell as
ATP

A

enzymes

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53
Q

acts as the “packaging” or “sorting” center

A

Golgi apparatus

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54
Q

Golgi apparatus most abundant in:

A

gastric, salivary and pancreatic

glands

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55
Q

contains proteolytic enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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56
Q

-its enzymes either digest worn-out cell parts, dead cells and
bacteria and plays a major role in
natural cell death

A

Lysosomes

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57
Q

a.k.a. “suicide bags”

A

Lysosomes

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58
Q

acts as the cell’s “brain”

A

Nucleus

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59
Q

houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromosomes

A

Nucleus

60
Q

first to duplicate during

mitosis

A

Nucleus

61
Q

acts as the barrier between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

A

Nuclear Membrane

62
Q

contains nucleoplasm where the chromatin and nucleoli are suspended

A

Nuclear Membrane

63
Q

contains the cell’s ribosomes(RNA + other proteins)

A

nucleolus

64
Q

assists in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

65
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

66
Q

is an organic chemical that contains genetic

information and instructions for protein synthesis

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

67
Q

genetic code for heredity characteristics

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

68
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

69
Q

organic compound that functions in cellular
protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of
genetic codes in some viruses.

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

70
Q

RNA Three varieties:

A

m-Rna, t-Rna, r-Rna

71
Q

phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous bases

A

DNA

72
Q

In DNA
A -
G-

A

A-T,

G-C

73
Q

phosphate + ribose + nitrogenous bases

A

RNA

74
Q

In RNA
A -
G-

A

A-U,

G-C

75
Q

carry genes

A

Chromosomes

76
Q

Germ cells are

A

gametes

77
Q

female gametes are termed

A

oocytes

78
Q

male gametes are called

A

spermatozoa

79
Q

are all other cell in the body

A

Somatic cells

80
Q

is the growth, development, and division of cells

A

Mitosis

81
Q

Mitosis can be divided into two discrete processes:

A

the dividing of the nucleus, and the dividing of the cytoplasm

82
Q

Mitosis stages

A

Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase

83
Q

nondividing phase; is the period of growth of

the cell between divisions

A

Interphase

84
Q

Interphase subdivided into

A

G1, S, G2

85
Q

G :

A

Gap or Growth

86
Q

resting phase - physiological

functions necessary to maintain homeostasis

A

G1 phase (Interphase)

87
Q

DNA replication

A

S phase (Interphase)

88
Q

other proteins and organelles multiply

A

G2 phase (Interphase)

89
Q

Most Radioresistant phase :

A

Late S phase

90
Q

centrioles migrate to the opposite

sides of the cell

A

Prophase

91
Q

spindle fiber formation

A

Prophase

92
Q

nuclear membrane initial disintegration

A

Prophase

93
Q

nucleolus not visible

A

Prophase

94
Q

chromosomes line up at the center

A

Metaphase

95
Q

centromeres attach to the spindle fiber and starts to divide

A

Metaphase

96
Q

complete disintegration of nuclear membrane

A

Metaphase

97
Q

complete separation of the centromeres

along with the sister chromatids

A

Anaphase

98
Q

equal number of sister chromatids starts

to migrate to the opposite poles

A

Anaphase

99
Q

Chromatids reach the opposite poles

A

Telophase

100
Q

Cytokinesis begins

A

Telophase

101
Q

cell division specific for germ or sex cells

A

Meiosis

102
Q

Female Meiosis:

A

oogenesis

103
Q

Male Meiosis:

A

spermatogenesis

104
Q

Meiosis a.k.a. “_____” since daughter cells have half the number of
chromosomes as their parent cell

A

reduction division

105
Q

is the combination

of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

106
Q

the inorganic substance in

the cell, are essential for cell life

A

Mineral salts

107
Q

inside the cell prevents the cell from

collapsing.

A

Potassium

108
Q

outside the cell prevents the cell from bursting.

A

Sodium

109
Q

maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell by

maintaining the correct proportion of water in the cell.

A

Sodium and potassium

110
Q

are required in order for the cell to function correctly. For example, if there were a deficiency of calcium salts in the cell, muscle cramps
would occur.

A

Salts

111
Q

also assist in producing cell energy and in conducting nerve impulses.

A

Salts

112
Q

a type of sugar made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose joined together

A

Sucrose

113
Q

table sugar

A

Sucrose

114
Q

is a sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunits

A

Lactose

115
Q

milk sugar

A

Lactose

116
Q

the genetic material responsible for cytoplasmic activity and delivering the cell’s hereditary information

A

genes

117
Q

comprise 15% of the cell

A

Protein

118
Q

Enormous amounts of ______ are located in fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,
and muscle

A

proteins

119
Q

In humans there are ___ different amino acids that combine in numerous sequences to create protein

A

22

120
Q

Examples of ____ include insulin, egg whites, gelatin, and hemoglobin

A

proteins

121
Q

They affect the rate or speed of chemical reactions without

themselves being altered

A

Enzymes

122
Q

comprise approximately 2% of the cell

A

Lipids

123
Q

Water makes up approximately ____ of a person’s total body

weight, and for several reasons is essential to life

A

55–75%

124
Q

comprise approximately 1% of the cell

A 
Carbohydrates, 
Nucleic acid (1% each)
125
Q

Even though carbohydrates are found

throughout the body, they are located predominately in the

A

liver and muscles

126
Q

a cell membrane is not static, but instead is

A

active and dynamic

127
Q

Cell membranes are composed of lipids and
proteins, which are arranged in a double layer somewhat comparable
to a sandwich: the two ____ layers are the slices of bread and the
___ are the filling

A

protein,

lipids

128
Q

_____ allow lipid-soluble materials

to diffuse into or out of the cell. ____ function as pores, enzymes, or antigens.

A

Lipids,

Proteins

129
Q

thin cytoplasmic spindle fibers are formed between the centrioles. This formation is known as the

A

spindle-fiber apparatus

130
Q

connect to specific chromosomes to aid with the equal

disbursement of these chromosomes to two daughter cells

A

Spindle fibers

131
Q

has numerous ribosomes
attached to its outer surface, giving it a rough appearance. It is found
in cells that are active secretors of proteins, such as the endocrine
and exocrine glands

A

rough ER

132
Q

has no ribosomes attached to it.
It is a site for enzyme reactions in steroid hormone production and inactivation, and is the part of the cell where many drugs are inactivated. It also serves in storing Ca++ in skeletal muscle cells

A

smooth ER

133
Q

The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi bodies
or the Golgi complex, was discovered in ____ by the Italian scientist
______

A

1898,

Camillo Golgi

134
Q

It is a series of flat, membranous layers, looking somewhat like a stack of pancakes or saucers

A

Golgi Apparatus

135
Q

Synthesized within the Golgi apparatus are

A

carbohydrates

136
Q

DNA and protein are

arranged in long threads called

A

chromatin

137
Q

DNA The sides of the ladder are formed by the ______. The rungs of the ladder are formed by the pairs of ______

A

alternating phosphate and sugar molecules,

nitrogenous bases

138
Q

is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus, but functions in the cell’s cytoplasm

A

RNA

139
Q

carries directions for protein synthesis
from the DNA molecule situated in the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm, and also carries the code for specific protein synthesis from
the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

m-RNA (Messenger RNA)

140
Q

carries amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

t-RNA (Transfer RNA)

141
Q

assists in the linking of

the messenger RNA to the ribosome

A

r-RNA (Ribosomal RNA)

142
Q

Consequently, the chromosomes in somatic cells are paired. Each
member of a pair is identical, but the pairs themselves are not alike. The normal number of chromosomes for humans is 46. This number
is termed the ____ number, or 2n

A

diploid

143
Q

In germ cells, chromosomes and genes are not paired, but are
individual chromosomes. These individual chromosomes come from
each of the pairs that exist in the somatic cells. Thus, germ cells contain one-half the number of chromosomes and genes present in
somatic cells. The number of chromosomes in germ cells is referred
to as the _____ or n number

A

haploid

144
Q

In humans, the somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes in the
nucleus, of which ___ are autosomes (nonsex chromosomes), and
___ are sex chromosomes

A

44,

2

145
Q

It is during mitosis

that cells are the most ______

A

radiosensitive

RT 206 (9 decks)

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