2. Radiation Biology Flashcards
1
Q
The basic unit of
structure and function of all living things
A
Cells
2
Q
It is at the cellular level
that the fundamental life functions occur
A
Cells
3
Q
collections of similar
cells that work to perform a particular function
A
Tissues
4
Q
combination of tissues to perform a specific
function
A
Organ
5
Q
organs that have similar or related functions
A
System
6
Q
Chemical Configuration of Cells
A
-contains organic and inorganic
compounds which are either
dissolved or suspended in water
-contains 70-85% water
7
Q
Functions of Water:
A
- Acts as a solvent
- Acts as transport medium
- Serves to lubricate joints and digestive tract
- Regulates body Temperature
- Cushions Organs
8
Q
chemical substances that contain carbon
A
Organic Compound
9
Q
Organic Compound Four Major Classes:
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
10
Q
Protein composed of
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
11
Q
Assists in growth, construction of new tissue, repair of injury or worn out tissues
A
Protein
12
Q
building blocks of protein
A
Amino Acids
13
Q
act as organic catalysts
A
Enzymes
14
Q
provide cell energy, help make new cell parts, control almost
every cell process
A
Enzymes
15
Q
Lipids contain
A
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
16
Q
store energy, insulate bodies, assists in digestive processes, and
lubricate joints
A
Lipids
17
Q
Carbohydrates contain
A
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
18
Q
the major source of cell energy
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
simple sugars and cannot be broken down further and examples
A
Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, and galactose)
20
Q
double sugars and examples
A
Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose, and lactose)
21
Q
macromolecules constructed of hundreds to thousands of simple sugar molecules in a long chain and examples
A
Polysaccharides (e.g. starch and cellulose)
22
Q
Nucleic Acids contain
A
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorous
23
Q
largest known organic molecule
A
Nucleic Acids
24
Q
Nucleic Acids are composed of smaller subunits called
A
Nucleotides
25
pentose + phosphate + nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
26
Adenine & Guanine
Purines
27
Cytosine, Thymine or Uracil
Pyrimidines
28
are the inorganic substance in the cell (eg. Sodium & Potassium)
mineral salts
29
are required for the cell to function correctly
Inorganic Compounds
30
assist in producing cell energy and conducting nerve impulses
Inorganic Compounds
31
Cell Structure
- Cell Membrane
| - Protoplasm
32
Protoplasm parts
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Organelles
33
functions to separate the cell’s
| interior from its exterior surroundings, and also from adjacent cell
Cell Membrane
34
Cell Membrane Also known as
plasma membrane
35
Selectively semi-permeable
Cell Membrane
36
Composed of lipids and proteins arranged in a double layer
Cell Membrane
37
comprises the living part of the cell
Protoplasm
38
It is enclosed within the cell membrane
Protoplasm
39
a watery solution composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
minerals, salts and water
Cytoplasm
40
Protein synthesis and cellular respiration, and chemical processes such as metabolism take place in the
Cytoplasm
41
the process of converting a complex substance into a simpler
| substance
Catabolism
42
e.g. breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids
Catabolism
43
the building up of a body’s substance
Anabolism
44
e.g. build up of muscle mass
Anabolism
45
are located within the cytoplasm and help with cell functioning
Organelles
46
include the centrioles,
endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, and the nucleus
Cell organelles
47
are a pair of cylindrical
| organelles that function to organize the spindle fibers during cell mitosis
Centrioles
48
Centrioles contained within the
centrosome
49
tubular network that extends from
the nuclear membrane to the cell
membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
50
assists in channeling proteins and
| lipids into and out of the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
51
Double-membraned oval organelles where aerobic reactions of cell respiration
take place in
Mitochondria
52
The double-membrane of the mitochondria contains _____, which assist in
breaking down carbohydrates, fat, and proteins into energy, stored in the cell as
ATP
enzymes
53
acts as the "packaging" or "sorting" center
Golgi apparatus
54
Golgi apparatus most abundant in:
gastric, salivary and pancreatic
| glands
55
contains proteolytic enzymes
Lysosomes
56
-its enzymes either digest worn-out cell parts, dead cells and
bacteria and plays a major role in
natural cell death
Lysosomes
57
a.k.a. "suicide bags"
Lysosomes
58
acts as the cell's "brain"
Nucleus
59
houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromosomes
Nucleus
60
first to duplicate during
| mitosis
Nucleus
61
acts as the barrier between the cytoplasm and the nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
62
contains nucleoplasm where the chromatin and nucleoli are suspended
Nuclear Membrane
63
contains the cell's ribosomes(RNA + other proteins)
nucleolus
64
assists in protein synthesis
ribosomes
65
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
66
is an organic chemical that contains genetic
| information and instructions for protein synthesis
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
67
genetic code for heredity characteristics
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
68
RNA
ribonucleic acid
69
organic compound that functions in cellular
protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of
genetic codes in some viruses.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
70
RNA Three varieties:
m-Rna, t-Rna, r-Rna
71
phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous bases
DNA
72
In DNA
A -
G-
A-T,
| G-C
73
phosphate + ribose + nitrogenous bases
RNA
74
In RNA
A -
G-
A-U,
| G-C
75
carry genes
Chromosomes
76
Germ cells are
gametes
77
female gametes are termed
oocytes
78
male gametes are called
spermatozoa
79
are all other cell in the body
Somatic cells
80
is the growth, development, and division of cells
Mitosis
81
Mitosis can be divided into two discrete processes:
the dividing of the nucleus, and the dividing of the cytoplasm
82
Mitosis stages
Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase
83
nondividing phase; is the period of growth of
| the cell between divisions
Interphase
84
Interphase subdivided into
G1, S, G2
85
G :
Gap or Growth
86
resting phase - physiological
| functions necessary to maintain homeostasis
G1 phase (Interphase)
87
DNA replication
S phase (Interphase)
88
other proteins and organelles multiply
G2 phase (Interphase)
89
Most Radioresistant phase :
Late S phase
90
centrioles migrate to the opposite
| sides of the cell
Prophase
91
spindle fiber formation
Prophase
92
nuclear membrane initial disintegration
Prophase
93
nucleolus not visible
Prophase
94
chromosomes line up at the center
Metaphase
95
centromeres attach to the spindle fiber and starts to divide
Metaphase
96
complete disintegration of nuclear membrane
Metaphase
97
complete separation of the centromeres
| along with the sister chromatids
Anaphase
98
equal number of sister chromatids starts
| to migrate to the opposite poles
Anaphase
99
Chromatids reach the opposite poles
Telophase
100
Cytokinesis begins
Telophase
101
cell division specific for germ or sex cells
Meiosis
102
Female Meiosis:
oogenesis
103
Male Meiosis:
spermatogenesis
104
Meiosis a.k.a. "_____" since daughter cells have half the number of
chromosomes as their parent cell
reduction division
105
is the combination
| of catabolism and anabolism
Metabolism
106
the inorganic substance in
| the cell, are essential for cell life
Mineral salts
107
inside the cell prevents the cell from
| collapsing.
Potassium
108
outside the cell prevents the cell from bursting.
Sodium
109
maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell by
| maintaining the correct proportion of water in the cell.
Sodium and potassium
110
are required in order for the cell to function correctly. For example, if there were a deficiency of calcium salts in the cell, muscle cramps
would occur.
Salts
111
also assist in producing cell energy and in conducting nerve impulses.
Salts
112
a type of sugar made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose joined together
Sucrose
113
table sugar
Sucrose
114
is a sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunits
Lactose
115
milk sugar
Lactose
116
the genetic material responsible for cytoplasmic activity and delivering the cell’s hereditary information
genes
117
comprise 15% of the cell
Protein
118
Enormous amounts of ______ are located in fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,
and muscle
proteins
119
In humans there are ___ different amino acids that combine in numerous sequences to create protein
22
120
Examples of ____ include insulin, egg whites, gelatin, and hemoglobin
proteins
121
They affect the rate or speed of chemical reactions without
| themselves being altered
Enzymes
122
comprise approximately 2% of the cell
Lipids
123
Water makes up approximately ____ of a person’s total body
| weight, and for several reasons is essential to life
55–75%
124
comprise approximately 1% of the cell
```
Carbohydrates,
Nucleic acid (1% each)
```
125
Even though carbohydrates are found
| throughout the body, they are located predominately in the
liver and muscles
126
a cell membrane is not static, but instead is
active and dynamic
127
Cell membranes are composed of lipids and
proteins, which are arranged in a double layer somewhat comparable
to a sandwich: the two ____ layers are the slices of bread and the
___ are the filling
protein,
| lipids
128
_____ allow lipid-soluble materials
| to diffuse into or out of the cell. ____ function as pores, enzymes, or antigens.
Lipids,
| Proteins
129
thin cytoplasmic spindle fibers are formed between the centrioles. This formation is known as the
spindle-fiber apparatus
130
connect to specific chromosomes to aid with the equal
| disbursement of these chromosomes to two daughter cells
Spindle fibers
131
has numerous ribosomes
attached to its outer surface, giving it a rough appearance. It is found
in cells that are active secretors of proteins, such as the endocrine
and exocrine glands
rough ER
132
has no ribosomes attached to it.
It is a site for enzyme reactions in steroid hormone production and inactivation, and is the part of the cell where many drugs are inactivated. It also serves in storing Ca++ in skeletal muscle cells
smooth ER
133
The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi bodies
or the Golgi complex, was discovered in ____ by the Italian scientist
______
1898,
| Camillo Golgi
134
It is a series of flat, membranous layers, looking somewhat like a stack of pancakes or saucers
Golgi Apparatus
135
Synthesized within the Golgi apparatus are
carbohydrates
136
DNA and protein are
| arranged in long threads called
chromatin
137
DNA The sides of the ladder are formed by the ______. The rungs of the ladder are formed by the pairs of ______
alternating phosphate and sugar molecules,
| nitrogenous bases
138
is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus, but functions in the cell’s cytoplasm
RNA
139
carries directions for protein synthesis
from the DNA molecule situated in the cell’s nucleus into the cytoplasm, and also carries the code for specific protein synthesis from
the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
m-RNA (Messenger RNA)
140
carries amino acid molecules from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
t-RNA (Transfer RNA)
141
assists in the linking of
| the messenger RNA to the ribosome
r-RNA (Ribosomal RNA)
142
Consequently, the chromosomes in somatic cells are paired. Each
member of a pair is identical, but the pairs themselves are not alike. The normal number of chromosomes for humans is 46. This number
is termed the ____ number, or 2n
diploid
143
In germ cells, chromosomes and genes are not paired, but are
individual chromosomes. These individual chromosomes come from
each of the pairs that exist in the somatic cells. Thus, germ cells contain one-half the number of chromosomes and genes present in
somatic cells. The number of chromosomes in germ cells is referred
to as the _____ or n number
haploid
144
In humans, the somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes in the
nucleus, of which ___ are autosomes (nonsex chromosomes), and
___ are sex chromosomes
44,
| 2
145
It is during mitosis
| that cells are the most ______
radiosensitive
