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Chemistry #yeet :) > 6.2 > Flashcards

6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 basic types of polymerisation?

A

addition

condensation

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2
Q

what type of addition polymer has the highest melting point?

A

isotatic

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of addition polymer?

A

isotatic
syndotatic
atatic

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4
Q

what is an isotatic polymer?

A

regularly arranged (the normal one), has the most desirable properties

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5
Q

what is an atatic polymer?

A

groups above and below carbons are randomly arranged.

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6
Q

what are the 2 main types of polymer formed from condensation reactions?

A

polyesters

polyamides

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7
Q

what is PLA?

A

polylactic acid

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8
Q

why is PLA good?

A

1) its monomer is lactic acid which comes from sugar cane which is renewable
2) it is photodegradable

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9
Q

what are the results of acid hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

diol

dicarboxyic acid

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10
Q

what are the results of acid hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

diammonium salt

dicarboxylic acid

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11
Q

what are the results of alkali hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

dicarboxylate salt

diol

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12
Q

what are the results of alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

dicarboxylate salt

diamine

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13
Q

what is the speed of alkali hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

fast

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14
Q

what is the speed of alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

slow

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15
Q

what is the speed of acid hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

slow

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16
Q

what is the speed of acid hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

fast

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17
Q

what does cyanide act as?

A

nucleophile

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18
Q

what are the 2 ways to increase carbon chain using cyanide?

A

1) nucleophillic substitution of a haloalkane

2) nucleophillic addition of a carbonyl

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19
Q

what does nucleophillic substitution of a haloalkane with cyanide require?

A

haloalkane
potassium cyanide
ethanol solvent

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20
Q

how are aliphatic amines prepared?

A

substitution of haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia/amines

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21
Q

how are aromatic amines prepared?

A

reduction of nitroarenes using tin and conc HCl

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22
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a primary aliphatic amine?

A

1) haloalkane + ammonia –> ethylammonium salt

2) ethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄ amine + ammonium halide

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23
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a secondary aliphatic amine?

A

1) primary amine + haloalkane –> diethylammonium salt

2) diethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄secondary amine +ammonium halide

24
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a tertiary aliphatic amine?

A

1) secondary amine + haloalkane –> triethylammonium salt

2) triethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄ tertiary amine + ammonium salt

25
Q

when reacting haloalkanes and ammonia, how do you get mainly the primary amine?

A

use large excess of ammonia to increase the chances of the haloalkane hitting the ammonia and not an already formed amine.

26
Q

what are the conditions of the reaction between a carbonyl and cyanide?

A

an inorganic cyanide salt, eg KCN or NaCN, in solution (ie aqueous) in acidic conditions

27
Q

what is the mechanism for the reaction between a carbonyl and cyanide?

A

nucleophillic addition

28
Q

do you get any isomers from reacting cyanide with carbonyls and any exceptions?

A

you get 2 optical isomers bc CN- cqn attack from top and bottom, true for any assymetric ketone and any aldehyde apart from methanol.

29
Q

what are the 2 main changes to nitriles?

A

1) can be reduced to form amines

2) can be hydrolysed to form COOHs

30
Q

how many ways are there to reduce nitriles to form amines?

A

2

31
Q

how many ways are there to hydrolyse nitriles to form COOHs?

A

1

32
Q

what are the 2 ways to reduce nitriles?

A

using H2 or reducing agent

33
Q

how do you reduce a nitrile using h2?

A

transition metal catalyst eg nickel
150C
raised pressure

34
Q

what is the general equation of reducing a nitrile using h2?

A

RCN + 2H2 –> RCH2NH2

35
Q

what reducing agent do you use to reduce a nitrile?

A

sodium tetrahydroaluminate, LiAlH4

36
Q

what is the general equation for reducing a nitrile using LiAlH4?

A

RCN + 4[H] –> RCH2NH2

37
Q

how do you turn a nitrile into a COOH?

A

reflux with HCl

38
Q

what is a friedel crafts reaction?

A

a method of electrophilic substitution to extend a benzene ring

39
Q

what are the 2 types of friedel crafts?

A

alkylation

acylation

40
Q

what does alkylation require?

A

haloalkanes

41
Q

what does acylation require?

A

acyl chloride

42
Q

what do friedel crafts reactions require?

A

halogen carrier

43
Q

what is the halogen carrier used for in a friedel crafts reaction?

A

generating an electrophile

44
Q

what are 2 halogen carriers?

A

AlCl3

FeCl3

45
Q

What is GC-MS?

A

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

46
Q

what is a condensation polymer according to the mark scheme?

A

monomers join / bond / add / react / form polymer / form

chain AND another product / small molecule / H2O / HCl

47
Q

suggest 3 benefits of using single stereoisomers in the synthesis of drugs.

A

no / fewer side effects
increases the effectiveness
reduces / stops the need for / cost / difficulty in separating stereoisomers / optical isomers.

48
Q

how many bonds does nitrogen make for it to be positively charged?

A

4

49
Q

if something has a double bond and ur explaining its shape how do u word it?

A

say it has however many bonding CENTRES-because technically it has more than that bonding pairs because of its double bond.

50
Q

what is a use of a polyamide?

A

fibres in clothing apparently

51
Q

how would u name a dicarboxylic acid?

A

-dioc acid. eg butanedioc acid.

52
Q

HOW DO U GET FROM A NITRILE TO A CARBOXYLIC ACID

A

add AQUEOUS acid-you can’t say dilute!! it’s aqueous!!

53
Q

when they say draw a SALT remember to…

A

draw the positive and negative ions!!

54
Q

when an amine reacts with an acid what do u draw as the product?

A

the positive salt AND negative ion!!

55
Q

how would u name something that was a ring of 6 carbons (not aromatic) with an OH coming off it?

A

cyclohexanol.

Chemistry #yeet :) (13 decks)

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