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6.2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is immune system organs called lymphoid organs and how is the lymphoid organs connected

A

they are called lymphoid organs because lymphocytes are found there

lymphoid organs are connected by blood vessels and the lymph vessels

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2
Q

what is lymph

A

clear fluid

essenntuially extracellular fluid that has left capillaries and filter through tissue

lymph is conduit for immunologicallly active cells to travel through

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3
Q

whare are lymphe nodes located

A

at strategic positions , knee, grouin , elbow, shourder and neck

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4
Q

what are the regions of the body ourside lymphoid organs

A

perifery

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5
Q

what er the two types of lymphoid organs

A

primary and seccondary

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6
Q

primary lymphoid organs

wha originate and mature here

A

organs where lymphocytes develop

  • bone marrow - all blood cells originate here

b lymmphocytes mature here

thymus - T lymphocites (cells) mature here)

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7
Q

what is secondary lymphoid organs

A

organs where lymphocytes interact and initiate responses

filter blood and lymph - for pathogens and pathogen containing lymphocytes

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8
Q

what does the structure of secondary lymphoid organs reflect

A

thier function

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9
Q

what does afferent lymph vessel bring

A

bring in lymphocytes from periphery

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10
Q

what does efferent lymph vessels do

A

allows them to keep circulating

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11
Q

what does the pulp inside the lymph node do

A

allows mixing od lymphocytes and other leukocytes

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12
Q

what do arterues and veins do

A

supply nutrients and O2, plus non-lymphocytic leukocytes

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13
Q

what are spleen and lymph nodes surrounded by fibrous wall

A

encapsulated

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14
Q

what are tonsils and GALT

A

secondary lymphoid organstonsils and GALT are unencapsulated tissues - diffuse

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15
Q

what is the main player in the immune system and talk size and where and how it could be

A

leukocytes

Larger in size than RBC and less numerous

able to leave the blood stream and function extravascularly (in the tissue)

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16
Q

life span of leukocytes

A

variuos lifespans

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17
Q

6 main types of leukocytes cells

A
  • esinophils
  • Basophils (mast cells)
  • nuetrophils
  • monocytes (macrophages)
  • Lymphocytes
  • dendritic cells
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18
Q

in what ways can leukocytes be subdevided by function and or morphology

A
  • granulocytes
  • phagocytes
  • cytotoxic cells
  • antigen precenting cells
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19
Q

granulocytes

A
  • have prominent cytoplasmic granues
  • eosinophils, basophils and nuetrophils
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20
Q

phagocytes

A
  • can engulf and ingest pathogens
  • neutrophils, macrophagesm dentritic cells
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21
Q

cytotoxic cells

A
  • kill other cells, even self-cells
  • eosinophils and some lymphocytes
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22
Q

antigen precenting cells

A
  • display fragments of pathogens on cell surface
  • some lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages
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23
Q

antigen

A

substances tahat are recognized by an antibody and induces an immune respoce

24
Q

what are anitibodys

A

proteins that bind specifically to Ag’s and targe pathogens for destruction

25
Q

structure and function of esinophils

A

cytotoxic granulocytes with bright pink staining granules

role in defence against parasites and function in allergic response

26
Q

where are esinophils found and how ling they live

A

few in perifery circulation, only live for 6-12 hours

  • found in digestive tract, lungs, genital ract, and skin
27
Q

how does eosinophils respond

A

by binding to an antibody-coated parasite and degranulate - spew granule contents

granule contets damage and kill parasites - cytotoxic

28
Q

what happes to eosinophils in allergic responses

A

they degranulate

29
Q

basophil looks and function

A

granulocytes involved in allergic responses

have large dark blue staining granules (granulocyte)

30
Q

where basophils found

A

blood (rare in numbers), mast cells in tissue-found in digestive tract, lungs and skin

31
Q

what do granules in basophils contain

A

histamine, heparin, cytokines

32
Q

in allergic responses cells what do basophils do

A

they degranulate

33
Q

what is granulocytes that are phagocytic and most abundant leukocyte

A

nuetrophils

34
Q

how long can nuetrophils live and how many manny bacteria can in injest

A

1-2 days
5-20 bacteria

35
Q

what does nuetrophils do and how it do

A

can leave circulotory system to attack pathogens in tissues

granules contain cytokines that cause fever and start other inflamotory responses

36
Q

what are monocytes and what are they precursors of

A

they are precursor cells of tissue macrophages and are uncommon in blood

37
Q

how long do monocytes be in blood and what they do after

A

they in blood for 8 hours and then move into tissues to become macrophages

38
Q

what are macrophages

A

large ameoboid cells and function as scavengers by phagocytosing old red blood cells and dead nuetrophils

can phagocytose up to 100 bacteria

39
Q

what do macrophages have a role in

A

adaptive immune response - phagocytosed pathogens are digested, and fragments are placed on the cell surface (APCs)

40
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

key players in the adaptive immune response

make up 20-30% of all leukocytes

41
Q

where are lymphocyes found

A

5% in ciruclation

most are found in lymphoid tissues

10^12 per individual at any given time

42
Q

what are dendritic cells and structure

A

phagocytic antigen presenting cells (APCs)

have long thin processes

43
Q

where are dendritic cells found

A

skin and other organs

44
Q

how do dentritic cells function

A

they recognise and engulf pathogens

pathogens are digested and placed on cell surface

activated cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to present the antigen to lyphocytes

45
Q

explain haematopoiesis

A

all blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

give rise to commited progenitor cells - develop into each cell type

the path takes is guided by cytokines

46
Q

what are teh two types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes ( B cells)

T lymphocytes (T cells)

47
Q

wehre are B lymphocytes produced

A

bone marrow

48
Q

what do B lymphocytes do, and where they found

A

produce antibodies - can be found on the cell surface as receptors or secreted AB’s in the plasma

49
Q

where T lymphocytes produced and where they mature

A

produced in the bone marrow and develop in the thymus

50
Q

What and what T cells bind to

A

use contact-depending signalling (cell-cell comuniatoion) via T-cell receptors expresed on the T cell membrane - can only bind to MHC-antigen complexes

T-cell recceptor cannot bind to free Ag (anitgens)

51
Q

what is an MHC

A

protiens expressed on the surface of cells that display “self-antigens” and “non-self- anitigens” to T cells

52
Q

what are the two claasses of MHC that interact with T cells and where they found

A

class I (all nucleated cells)
class II (cytotoxic Tcells)

53
Q

what are teh subtypes of T cells:

A

cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells

helper T cells

Regulatory T cells

54
Q

cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells

A
  • recognizes Ag presented on class I MHC

Kills cell that expresses appropriate Ag

55
Q

Helper T cells (Th)

A

recognizes Ag presented on class II MHC

Promote differentiation of B cells and Tc Cells (cytotoxic T cells) and can activate macrophages

56
Q

regulatory T cells

A

recognize Ag presented on class II MHC

supress other immune cells to preent excessve immune responses

bio (9 decks)

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