5.3

Question 1

what is lung compliance

Answer 1

the ability for the lung to streatch, most important when inhaling

Question 2

Lower lung compliance

Answer 2

the harder it is to expand the lngs (inhalation)

people with low lung compliance breath shallowly and rapidly

Question 3

High ling compluance

Answer 3

indicates that the lung stretch easily and easier to breathe

Question 4

What is lung elastance

Answer 4

degree and or speed of return to resting volume after lung is stretched

Question 5

luw lung elastance

Answer 5

the lung does not return to resting volume passively

• expiration must be active not passive

Question 6

What is airway resistance determined by

Answer 6

primiraly by airway diameter 8Ln/pi r^4

Question 7

work neeed to overcome resistance to streatch and airway resistance what lower, but what factors can affect it

Answer 7

airway resistance work lower

mucus accumulation from allergies or infections can greatly increase resistance of the airway

Question 8

what can affect bronchiole diameter

Answer 8

nervous system, hormones and paracrines

Question 9

CO2 causes what to the bronchiles

Answer 9

bronchodilation (bigger)

Question 10

what causes bronchoconstriction (small), difficulty breathing

Answer 10

histamine released in response to tissue damage or allergic reactions causes broncho constriction

and several allergic reactions

Question 11

what does the nueral control of bronchioles (parasympathetic and sympathetic(

Answer 11

Prinarily by parasympathetic neurons that cause broncho constricriction
- reflex designed to protecct lower respirotory tract from inhaled irrants
No signifact sympathatic pathway

Question 12

How is hormonal control of bronchiles done and what it do

Answer 12

done priarily via circulating epinephrine

• through B2 receptors in smooth muscle of bronchiles - relaxes muscle to dilute bronchioles
• used as a treatment for asthma

Question 13

why is pulmonary function assesed

Answer 13

to determine the amount of air a person moves during quiet breathing and maximal breathing effort

Question 14

what is used to measure pulmonary function and how does it work

Answer 14

spirometer- instrument that measures movement of air during breathing, and allows for diagnosis of many diseases

Question 15

what are the 4 lung volumes

Answer 15

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiration reserve volume, residual volume

Question 16

tidal volume

Answer 16

amount of air moved in a single normal inspiration or expiration

Question 17

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

maximum amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

Question 18

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 18

amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration

Question 19

residual volume

Answer 19

amount of air ledt in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 20

what is the sum of wo or more lung volumes and what does it reprecent

Answer 20

capacity

vital capacity
- the maximum amount of air that cen be voluntarily moved

vc = IRV + ERV + VT

total lung capacity - TLC

TLC = Vital capacity + Residual volume

Question 21

what is minute volume and how to calculate it

Answer 21

estimate the effictiveness of breathing by measuring the total pulmonary ventilation

• MV = Vt (mL/breath) x respiratory rate (breaths/min)

Question 22

wha are dead spaces located in the airays

Answer 22

no gas exchange, air in trachea, bronchi and bronchioles does not participate in gas exchange

alveolar volume = Vt - dead space

Question 23

effectiveness of ventilation is determined by what and why

Answer 23

the rate and depth of breathing, bc of the dead space, increase in depth of breathing is most important

Question 24

Alveolar ventilation what is it and what it do and eqn

Answer 24

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli each minute

a more accurate indicator of efficiency of venttilation

alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate x alveolar volume

Question 25

what is ventilation matched to and why

Answer 25

matched to alvoelar blood flow - the body attempts to match air flow and blood floow to maximize gas exchange in the capillary beds that surround the alveoli

Question 26

what does alterations inblood flow in the lungs depend on

Answer 26

primarily local control exerted by o2 levels in the interstitial fluid around the arteriale surrounding the alvoeli

Question 27

what causes vasodilation in the arteriole

Answer 27

increases in tissue PO2

Question 28

if ventilation of alveoli in an are of the lung decreaasses what will happen

Answer 28

the tissue O2 in that area also decreases