6.1 Motility of the GI Tract (Lecture) Flashcards
Which part of the stomach will have more forceful, more frequent contractions?
The part of the stomach that is most caudad, closest to the pylorus.
Which nerve innervates most of the muscles of mastication?
The trigeminal nerve / Cranial nerve V.
What is the maximum frequency of slow waves in the stomach?
3 – 5 waves per minute
What hormone regulates the migrating myoelectric complex?
Motilin
What three things given increase action potentials and force of contraction in the stomach?
Parasympathetic activity (acetylcholine).
Gastrin.
Motilin.
What cells are thought of as of the pacemaker for the slow waves of the G.I. system?
Where are they located?
Interstitial cells of Cajal.
In the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s) between the outer and inner layers of the muscularis externae.
What are the three mechanisms for negative feedback of the duodenum to the stomach – decreasing gastric emptying?
Acid in the duodenum stimulates secretin which inhibits gastrin – thereby inhibiting gastric emptying.
Fats in the duodenum stimulate cholecystokinin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide – which directly inhibit stomach motility.
Hypertonicity in the duodenum (overfull duodenum) directly inhibits gastric emptying through an unknown hormone.
What three things given decrease frequency of action potentials and force of contraction of the stomach?
Sympathetic activity (norepinephrine).
Secretin.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP).
What is released by enterochromaffin -like cells to initiate peristalsis?
What is the receptor for that molecule?
Enterochromaffin -like cells produce serotonin.
This serotonin binds to receptors on intrinsic primary afferent neurons.
Which nerves transmit afferent signal in the vomiting reflex?
The vagal afferents or the sympathetic afferents.
What part of the central nervous system controls the involuntary swallowing reflex?
The swallowing center of the medulla.
Which neurotransmitters are released in the circular muscle behind the bolus during peristalsis?
Excitatory transmitters acetylcholine, substance P, and neuropeptide Y.
(Note that these transmitters are inhibited in the longitudinal muscle behind the bolus)
Which part of the stomach is less responsible for the mixing of food, and more responsible for accommodation of food?
The orad region.
What is receptive relaxation?
The phenomenon by which the orad region of the stomach relaxes receptively with the lower esophageal sphincter.
What part of the central nervous system coordinates the chewing reflex?
The brainstem.