6. The Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s

Question 1

redline

Answer 1

(US) diszkriminációt alkalmaz elöregedett városrészekkel szemben (kölcsönök, jelzálog megtagadása a bankok részéről)

Question 2

apartheid

Answer 2

faji megkülönböztetés; faji elkülönítés

Question 3

GI Bill

Answer 3

The GI Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944) was supposed to be a love letter to veterans, offering college tuition, housing loans, and unemployment benefits. On paper? Iconic. In practice? A slap in the face for Black veterans.

Racism in Action: The benefits were distributed through local agencies, allowing white officials to deny Black veterans access to education, home loans, and jobs. Black folks barely got to see the “generational wealth” their white peers built with this policy.

Question 4

Poll Taxes:

Answer 4

After Black men got the right to vote via the 15th Amendment, Southern racists were like, “Not so fast.” They added fees to voting, which disproportionately impacted poor Black people.

Question 5

Literacy Tests:

Answer 5

These were allegedly to make sure voters could read, but in reality, it was a way to disenfranchise Black voters. White folks often got a free pass (thanks to “grandfather clauses”). Black voters? Brutally complex tests or flat-out rejection.

Question 6

miscegenation

Answer 6

faji keveredés; fajkeveredés; fajok keveredése; rasszok keveredése

Question 7

What year was the 13th Amendment passed?

Answer 7

1865 (Abolished slavery, except for prisoners)
Resulted in several black people being arrested for petty or made-up crimes just to continue slavery through this loophole.

Question 8

What year was the 14th Amendment passed?

Answer 8

1868 (Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law)

Question 9

What year was the 15th Amendment passed?

Answer 9

1870 (Gave Black men the right to vote)
BUT: grandfather clauses –> Grandfather clauses were designed to allow illiterate white men to vote, while still excluding Black men. They typically stated that men were eligible to vote if their grandfathers had been eligible to vote before a certain date, usually before the 15th Amendment was ratified, meaning that no Black people would have been eligible.

Question 10

When was Plessy v. Ferguson?

Answer 10

1896 (Legalized “separate but equal” segregation)

Question 11

When did the Harlem Renaissance occur?

Answer 11

1920s (Cultural explosion in Harlem, challenging racial stereotypes)

Question 12

What year did Brown v. Board of Education occur?

Answer 12

1954 (Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional)

Question 13

When was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Answer 13

1955-1956 (Started after Rosa Parks’ arrest)

Question 14

When did the Civil Rights Act pass?

Answer 14

Answer: 1964 (Ended segregation in public places)
This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal.

Question 15

When was the Voting Rights Act passed?

Answer 15

Answer: 1965 (Eliminated discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests)

Question 16

When was the March on Washington?

Answer 16

August 28, 1963 (Where MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech)

Question 17

What year was the Civil Rights Act of 196x (the second one) passed?

Answer 17

1968 (Banned housing discrimination)

Question 18

When was the assassination of MLK?

Answer 18

Answer: 1968, April 4. (Sparked riots and led to new civil rights legislation)

Question 19

When was the Little Rock Nine incident?

Answer 19

1957 (Nine Black students integrated Central High School)

Question 20

When was the Voting Rights Act of xy passed?

Answer 20

1965 (Outlawed discriminatory voting practices)

Question 21

Who was Langston Hughes?

Answer 21

Famous poet of the Harlem Renaissance, known for capturing Black experiences

Question 22

Who was Thurgood Marshall?

Answer 22

First Black Supreme Court Justice, led legal battles like Brown v. Board of Education

Question 23

Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?

Answer 23

Leader of the Civil Rights Movement, famous for his nonviolent resistance

Question 24

Who was Malcolm X?

Answer 24

Civil rights leader who initially advocated for self-defense and Black nationalism

Question 25

What did Malcolm X advocate for? Was he radical or just the times back in the 60s were not ready for his ideas?

Answer 25

Malcolm X was a prominent advocate for Black empowerment and racial justice. He initially promoted the ideas of the Nation of Islam, which included Black separatism, self-defense, and economic independence. He believed that African Americans should establish their own communities and institutions, separate from white society, to achieve true freedom and equality.

Malcolm X’s approach was often seen as radical, especially compared to the nonviolent methods of other civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. He was critical of integration and nonviolence, arguing that African Americans had the right to defend themselves against racial aggression. His rhetoric was assertive and uncompromising, which resonated with many who were frustrated with the slow pace of change and the persistent violence against Black people.
However, it’s important to note that Malcolm X’s views evolved over time. After his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964, he began to advocate for racial unity and cooperation, recognizing the potential for solidarity across racial lines. [5] This shift showed his adaptability and willingness to reconsider his earlier positions.

In the context of the 1960s, Malcolm X’s ideas were indeed seen as radical by many, but they also reflected the intense frustration and desire for immediate change felt by a significant portion of the Black community. His legacy continues to influence discussions on race, justice, and equality today.

Question 26

Who was Rosa Parks?

Answer 26

Her refusal to give up her seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 27

Who was Ella Baker?

Answer 27

Civil rights leader who pushed for grassroots organizing and empowered young activists

Question 28

Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?

Answer 28

Civil rights activist, co-founder of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
Her 1964 speech at the DNC about being jailed and beaten for trying to vote shook the nation and exposed voter suppression tactics.

Question 29

Who was Bayard Rustin?

Answer 29

Organizer of the March on Washington, openly gay, and a key strategist for MLK

Question 30

What is “separate but equal”?

Answer 30

The doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, stating segregation was legal if facilities were equal (they were not).

Question 31

What is the “Beloved Community”?

Answer 31

MLK’s vision of a racially integrated, just society built on love and mutual respect.

Question 32

What is Black Nationalism?

Answer 32

A belief in self-determination, pride, and the economic and political empowerment of Black people, championed by figures like Malcolm X.

Question 33

What is Nonviolent Resistance?

Answer 33

A philosophy that advocates for peaceful protests, notably championed by MLK, inspired by Gandhi.

Question 34

What is the Nation of Islam?

Answer 34

A religious movement that Malcolm X was initially part of, focused on Black pride, self-reliance, and a strict interpretation of Islam.

Question 35

What is Jim Crow?

Answer 35

A system of state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Question 36

What is Sharecropping?

Answer 36

An agricultural system where Black families were trapped in cycles of debt and poverty, often working on land they didn’t own (for housing?).

Question 37

What is Convict Leasing?

Answer 37

A system where incarcerated Black people were leased out to companies for forced labor, continuing exploitation after slavery.

Question 38

What is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?

Answer 38

A white supremacist hate group that used terror and violence to intimidate Black Americans and maintain racial segregation. 1865.

Question 39

What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Answer 39

Landmark legislation that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places and employment.

Question 40

What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

Answer 40

Legislation that aimed to eliminate voting barriers like literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics used to suppress Black voters.

Question 41

What is the Freedom Ride?

Answer 41

A 1961 protest where Black and white activists rode buses together into the segregated South to challenge segregation laws.

Question 42

What is the March on Washington?

Answer 42

A massive 1963 demonstration where MLK delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech.

Question 43

What is the “Southern Manifesto”?

Answer 43

A document signed by Southern politicians in 1956 opposing the desegregation of schools after Brown v. Board.

Question 44

Compare MLK’s approach to Malcolm X’s approach.

Answer 44

MLK advocated for nonviolent resistance and integration, while Malcolm X initially supported self-defense and Black nationalism, with a later shift towards more inclusive views after his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Question 45

Compare the Civil Rights Movement to the Black Power Movement.

Answer 45

The Civil Rights Movement sought integration and equality through legal means, while the Black Power Movement emphasized self-determination, Black pride, and sometimes militancy.

Question 46

Compare the Reconstruction era to the Civil Rights Movement.

Answer 46

Reconstruction sought to integrate Black Americans into political life, but was undermined by white resistance; the Civil Rights Movement was a later push to reclaim those rights, focusing on legal, social, and political equality.

Question 47

What was the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

Answer 47

It declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, but immediate change was met with violent resistance, particularly in the South.

Question 48

What happened during the Selma to Montgomery March?

Answer 48

Protestors marched for voting rights and were violently attacked on the Edmund Pettus Bridge, which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Question 49

What was the significance of the Freedom Summer of 1964?

Answer 49

It was a campaign to register Black voters in Mississippi, during which three activists were murdered, drawing national attention to voter suppression in the South.

Question 50

What was the result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Answer 50

It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, schools, and employment.

Question 51

24th Amendment

Answer 51

January 23, 1964
Abolished poll taxes, a tool of voter suppression.

Question 52

Sit-ins in Greensboro

Answer 52

1960: Four Black college students were like, “We’re done with this nonsense,” and sat at a whites-only lunch counter. Their courage sparked a nationwide sit-in movement.
Resistance and insistence were their strategy.

Question 53

Freedom Rides

Answer 53

1961: Black and white activists rode buses into the Deep South to test Supreme Court rulings desegregating buses. They faced beatings, arrests, and firebombing but exposed the South’s defiance of federal law.

Question 54

James Meredith at Ole Miss

Answer 54

1962: James Meredith became the first Black student to attend the University of Mississippi, requiring federal troops to protect him. Racists rioted, but Meredith? He stayed unbothered and graduated.

Question 55

March on Washington and atrocities highlighting the need for this protest

Answer 55

1963: MLK delivered his legendary “I Have a Dream” speech to 250,000 people, giving hope while demanding justice. The same year, four Black girls were murdered in the Birmingham church bombing, highlighting the deadly stakes of the fight for equality.

Question 56

Freedom Summer Murders:

Answer 56

1964: Three activists—James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner—were killed by the KKK, exposing the deadly risks of registering Black voters.

Question 57

Harlem Riot

Answer 57

1964: A teenager’s shooting by police ignited protests, highlighting racial tensions in the North.

Question 58

Loving v. Virginia

Answer 58

1967:
This Supreme Court case struck down state bans on interracial marriage, citing the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the 14th Amendment.
* Case Summary: Mildred Jeter, a Black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were arrested in Virginia for marrying out of state. Their marriage violated Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924.
* Significance: The Court ruled unanimously that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional. This was a seismic shift in personal freedoms and a repudiation of the racist “purity” laws that underpinned segregation.