6. Statistics Flashcards
What is ‘Lying with statistics’?
The intentional misapplication of statistical methods.
What is statistical methodology?
Justification of the choice of using a particular statistical method.
What is descriptive statistics?
In descriptive statistics, one aims to display data and conclusions accurately.
What is inferential statistics?
In inferential statistics, one aims to draw a justified conclusion from data.
What is a stochastic hypothesis?
A hypothesis whose implications come in the form of a probability distribution.
What is a deterministic hypothesis?
A hypothesis all of whose implications are certain.
What is a quantitative measure of measurement error?
The likelihood of a measurement error being made, presented on a quantitative scale.
What are error based statistics?
Determining the probability of an observation given that a certain hypothesis is true.
What does confidence in a hypothesis refer to?
The subjective estimation of the probability of a hypothesis.
What is Fisher’s significance testing?
A method of statistical hypothesis testing developed by Ronald Fisher.
What are test statistics?
Any quantity, computed from values in a sample, that is considered for a statistical purpose.
What is a sampling distribution?
A distribution over the possible outcomes of the test statistic.
What is a p-value?
The probability of observing an outcome at least as extreme as the observed outcome.
What is a significance level?
A conventionally set level of p-values, below which the associated hypothesis should be rejected.
What is p-value abuse?
Changing test setup, statistical method, or sample in order to make the p-value either higher or lower than the significance level, depending on the desired result.
What is Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing?
A method of hypothesis testing developed by Jerzy Neyman and Karl Pearson.
What is the original hypothesis denoted as?
Hi - Some claim that you are interested in.
What is the alternative hypothesis denoted as?
Ha - A hypothesis that due to logical necessity has to be true if the original hypothesis is false and vice versa.
What is a Type I error?
Wrongly rejecting a true hypothesis Hi.
What is a Type II error?
Wrongly accepting a false hypothesis Hi.
What is the power of a test?
The probability of correctly rejecting a false hypothesis Hi.
What is Bayesian statistics?
Posterior probability of a hypothesis is calculated based on the prior probabilities for the hypothesis together with the observed outcome, using Bayes theorem.
What is prior probability?
The (estimated) probability of the hypothesis being true before the application of Bayes theorem.
What are subjective degrees of belief?
The Bayesian view of what is meant by ‘probability’ - that probability is the subjective estimation of likelihood rather than a property belonging to the world.
What is posterior probability?
The (calculated) probability of the hypothesis being true after the application of Bayes theorem.
What is the problem of priors?
Bayesianism does not offer a clear way to determine prior probabilities.
What is the principle principle?
A subject’s prior probability should be assigned on the basis of objective probability, if it is known.
What is the principle of indifference?
A subject’s prior probabilities should be assigned equally to the possible outcomes, if there is no information about the objective probabilities.
What is the problem of slow convergence?
If two subjects assign sufficiently different prior probabilities to the same hypothesis, it is possible that their respective posterior probabilities will not converge even though Bayes theorem has been applied to large amounts of data.
What is the problem of old evidence?
The problem of determining what evidence that has been previously used to determine posterior probabilities.
What is the problem of uncertain evidence?
Bayesianism does not take uncertainty about evidence into account.
