10. Research Ethics

Question 1

Permission

Answer 1

Being morally allowed to do something

Question 2

Obligation

Answer 2

Being morally required to do something

Question 3

Prohibition

Answer 3

Being morally forbidden to do something

Question 4

Descriptive ethics

Answer 4

Descriptive ethics studies what people consider to be right and wrong

Question 5

Normative ethics

Answer 5

Normative ethics studies what people should do (irrespective of what people actually think)

Question 6

Universal rational endorsement condition

Answer 6

The moral code that all rational persons, under certain specified conditions, would endorse

Question 7

Moral vs. ethical / morals vs ethics

Answer 7

One distinction between morals and ethics is that morals are properties of actions, intentions or decisions (being good or bad), where ethics is providing justification for why actions, intentions or decisions have this moral property.

However, in many usages this distinction is not maintained, for instance the same behaviour might be described as immoral or as unethical, without any clear difference being intended.

Question 8

Deontology

Answer 8

An action is permissible if it fulfils certain roles or duties.
A duty might be to respect the rights of others

Question 9

The categorical imperative

Answer 9

An action is right if it is in accord with a generally defensible principle

Question 10

Risk

Answer 10

There are several definitions of risk
One is: the probability of an unwanted event which may or may not occur

Question 11

Virtue ethics

Answer 11

Morally consists in exemplifying good, or virtuous, character traits

Question 12

Informed consent

Answer 12

A prospective participant is
1. Informed
2. Participating voluntary
3. Decision capacitated

Question 13

Fabrication

Answer 13

Intentionally MAKING UP data or results without scientific support to mislead the reader

Question 14

Falsification

Answer 14

Intentionally CHANGING data or results without scientific support to mislead the reader.

Question 15

Plagiarism

Answer 15

The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit

Question 16

Scientific transparency

Answer 16

Freely sharing the material from which the conclusions were drawn

Question 17

Whistleblowing

Answer 17

Exposing illegal or unethical behaviour within an organisation

Question 18

Author

Answer 18

A person is an author of an article if the person has made a substantial contribution to
1. The conception of the work
2. Drafting the work, as well as
3. Is involved in the approval of the final version, and finally
4. Agrees to be accountable to all aspects of the work.

Question 19

Gift authorship

Answer 19

A person who is stated as an author, for instance for social reasons, but who do not fulfil the criteria of being stated as an author

Question 20

Frivolous research

Answer 20

Research conducted purely for the fun of it
(at least as far as can be determined)

Question 21

Effective altruism

Answer 21

A movement aiming to benefit others through the most efficient methods possible