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COB - Physiology II > 6 - Renal II > Flashcards

6 - Renal II Flashcards

1
Q

True/False: Sodium and water undergo tubular secretion.

A

False; DO NOT therefore Amount excreted = Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed

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2
Q

Part of nephron, where most sodium and water reabsorption occurs.

A

Proximal tubule

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3
Q

Part of nephron, main hormonal control of sodium and water reabsorption.

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct

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4
Q

[Sodium/Water] reabsorption: Active transport/Requires renal energy/Carrier-mediated/Occurs against a concentration gradient

A

Sodium

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5
Q

[Sodium/Water] reabsorption: Diffusion/Depends on (i.e. is coupled to) reabsorption of sodium.

A

Water

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6
Q

Methods by which sodium move from the lumen of the tubule and into the cells forming the tubule walls.

A

Cotransport with glucose or AA, countertransport with hydrogen ions, or via diffusion through sodium channels (ADD PICTURE FROM PP)

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7
Q

As sodium is removed from the lumen of the tubule, water concentration […] in the tubular fluid thus […] osmolarity in the tubular fluid.

A

Increases; Decreasing (i.e. the opposite is the case in the nearby interstitial fluid)

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8
Q

Establishes a concentration gradient for water.

A

Active transport of sodium

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9
Q

As water and sodium moves into the interstitial fluid it moves via […] into the peritubular capillaries as the final step of reabsorption.

A

Bulk flow

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10
Q

Part of nephron where water permeability IS regulated.

A

Collecting duct/Late distal tubule

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone, stimulates the insertion of AQUAPORINS into the tubular cell luminal membranes.

A

Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin

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12
Q

Increase in ADH = […] in urine.

A

Decrease (i.e. urine will become more concentrated)

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13
Q

Occurs when pituitary fails to release ADH or kidneys do not respond to ADH; patient can produce 25 L urine/day.

A

Diabetes inspidus

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14
Q

Increase in urine production but no increase in solute excretion.

A

Water diuresis

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15
Q

Increase urine flow due to increase in solute excretion.

A

Osmotic diuresis

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16
Q

Having an osmolarity equal to that of normal ECF

A

Isoosmotic (i.e. 300 milliosmoles per liter)

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17
Q

Having an osmolarity GREATER than normal ECF.

A

Hyperosmotic (i.e. more concentrated)

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18
Q

Having an osmolarity less than normal ECF.

A

Hypoosmotic (i.e. less concentrated)

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19
Q

Normal daily excretion of urea, sulfate, phosphate, and other wastes and ions.

A

600 mOsmol

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20
Q

Volume or urine that MUST be excreted per day.

A

Obligatory water loss (i.e. 0.46 L/day)

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21
Q

Receptors for the reflexes that control body sodium.

A

Baroreceptors (i.e. of the cardiovascular system) and sensors in the kidney (i.e. monitor filtered load of sodium)

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22
Q

Major determinant of ECF volume.

A

Sodium

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23
Q

Low total body sodium = […] arterial and venous blood pressure.

A

Low

24
Q

Enzyme, catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

A

Renin (i.e. secreted from the kidney, functions in blood)

25
Q

Cells of the kidney, secrete renin.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells (INSERT PICTURE)

26
Q

Peptide hormone, produced by the liver, converted via renin.

A

Angiotensinogen

27
Q

Enzyme, found in epithelial cells of blood capillaries especially in the lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE/Converting enzyme (i.e. does so as blood flows through the lungs)

28
Q

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormone aldosterone into the blood.

A

Angiotensin II (i..e also causes vasocontriction)

29
Q

Hormone, acts on late distal tubule and CD of the kidney to increase sodium reabsorption.

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

Inputs to juxtaglomerular cells that increase renin secretion.

A

Sympathetic nerves to JG cells, baroreceptors within the kidney, paracrine factors released from the macula densa

31
Q

[…] causes vasoconstriction in many body regions, helps regulate peripheral resistance (i.e. contributes to controlling arterial blood pressure)

A

Angiotensin II

32
Q

Cardiac hormone, decrease sodium reabsorption by directly inhibiting aldosterone secretion.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

33
Q

Sensory receptor, found in hypothalamus, detects ECT osmolarity, involved in initiating reflexes that alter water excretion without altering sodium excretion.

A

Osmoreceptors

34
Q

Hormone, posterior pituitary hormone, mediates water excretion without altering sodium excretion.

A

ADH/Vasopressin

35
Q

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are neurons that […] their frequency of action potentials when they shrink.

A

Increase (i.e. Do this when ECF osmolarity is above normal) (INSERT PICTURE)

36
Q

Arterial baroreceptors can influence ADH secretion rates which is important during scenarios such as […].

A

Hemorrhage

37
Q

ADH also cause widespread constriction of arterioles, which influences […] in the cardiovascular system.

A

Total peripheral resistance

38
Q

The response to severe sweating is [hyperosmotic/hyoosmotic] relative to ECF.

A

Hypoosomtic (i.e. sweat causes sodium loss but an even greater water loss)

39
Q

Filtered potassium [is/is not] reabsorbed.

A

Is not

40
Q

Aldosterone acts on CD cells to [increase/decrease] their rate of potassium secretion.

A

Increase

41
Q

Higher than normal potassium in the ECF.

A

Hyperkalemia

42
Q

Lower than normal potassium in the ECF.

A

Hypokalemia

43
Q

[Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia] depresses nervous system and muscle activity.

A

Hypercalcemia

44
Q

[Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia] causes nervous system excitement and tetany.

A

Hypocalcemia

45
Q

[…] are reservoirs of calcium, releasing it when ECF concentration is low.

A

Calcium

46
Q

Vitamin […] promotes the absorption of calcium across the intestinal wall (i.e. about 35)

A

B (i.e. the rest is excreted in the feces)

47
Q

Homogeneous gelatinous substance that makes up the organic matrix of bone (i.e. along with collagen fiber)

A

Ground substance

48
Q

Main crystalline salt (i.e. calcium and phosphate) deposited in organic matrix of bone.

A

Hydroxyapatite

49
Q

Bone-resorbing cells, removes calcium from bone matrix and adds to ECF.

A

Osteoclast

50
Q

Hormone, stimulates osteoclast

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

51
Q

In the absence of vitamin […] the effect of PTH in causing bone resorption is reduced.

A

D

52
Q

Bone depositing cell, can incorporate calcium back into the bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

PTH [increase/decreases] calcium ion reabsorption in the DT/CD.

A

Increases

54
Q

Considered to be a hormone, carried via the blood to the intestine where it increase the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate.

A

1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

55
Q

Thyroid hormone, acts mainly on bone to decrease ECF calcium concentration.

A

Calcitonin

COB - Physiology II (7 decks)

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