6. Population. ✅ Flashcards
Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year.
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Population Momentum
The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been achieved because of the relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.
Natural Increase
The surplus of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.
Total Fertility Rates
The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year. This rate is sometimes stated as the number of children women are having today.
Natural Decrease
The deficit of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.
Demography
Statistical study of human populations
Life expectancy
The average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person’s life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth.
Demography Transition Model
A model that explains how a country’s population changes over time as the birth and death rates change in relation to each other
Pro-natalist policy
Policies that encourage and support higher birth rates. They are often used in countries with low fertility rates, aging populations, or slow natural population increase.
Examples of pro-natalist policies
Tax incentives: Some countries offer tax incentives to encourage people to have children.
Childcare services: Some countries pay for childcare or hospital bills for children.
Propaganda: Governments and organizations can use propaganda to promote having more children.
China’s one-child policy
Anti-natalist policy
Was in effect from 1979 to 2016
Intended to reduce the country’s rapidly growing population
The policy included:
1) Fines for having more than one child
2) increased access to family planning
3) Posters promoting the benefits of having only one child
4) Reports of forced abortions and sterilizations
Anti-natalist policy
A government policy that aims to reduce a country’s fertility rate and birth rate to slow population growth. These policies are often used in countries with high birth rates and rapidly growing populations
Countries with pro-natalist policies
Russia: Uses pro-natalist policies to address low fertility rates, high mortality rates, and stagnant immigration
Sweden
Countries with anti-natalist policies
Singapore
Taiwan
Why is change in global population an important issue?
It can be a burden as it will mean there are more people to house, educate and feed.
It can also be an opportunity for economic growth if enough jobs are available.
How do different geographic factors influence the changing demographics of a specific place?
Climate
Natural Resources
Environmental Factors
How does climate influence the changing demographics of a specific place?
Temperature:
Extreme temperatures can limit population growth. For example, very cold or hot regions may be less hospitable to human settlement.
Rainfall
Natural Disasters
How do environment factors influence the changing demographics of a specific place?
Pollution: Areas with high pollution may experience population decline
Conservation: Environmental conservation efforts can limit development and population growth in certain areas
How do natural resources influence the changing demographics of a specific place?
Availability and Quality of the natural resources present
Why might there be a low birth rate/ fertility rate but still the total population of the country is increasing
A country’s population can increase even if its birth rate or fertility rate is low if the number of women entering the reproductive age bracket increases.
Migration
How is the population influenced by the levels of development in a country?
A growing population can provide a larger labor force.
A growing population requires more schools and teachers.
Etc.
Limitations for demographic transition models
The DTM doesn’t consider other demographic variables like migration, age, and gender distribution
TBC
What do population pyramids represent?
Population pyramid is a record of the past and the prediction of the future.
9 Characteristics of population pyramids
Divided by genders
Intervals of 4 years in age
Divided into categories (reproductive years, etc)
More people in the pre reproductive age means population will grow very fast
More people in middle aged or reproduction age will mean population will grow slow
Low birth rate and death rates means population will be stable or slight decrease
- 0-15 is pre reproductive age
- 15-45 is reproductive age
- 45 and above is post reproductive age
Pre reproductive age and post reproductive age is the dependent population
More reproductive age or middle population will indicate economic growth
Types of population pyramids
Constructive
Expansive
Stationary
Expansive
These pyramids have a wide base and a narrow top
High birth rate and a high mortality rate
Developing countries.
Stationary
Each age group has an equal proportion of the population
Population size is stable
Ex. Austria
Constrictive
These pyramids have a narrow base and a thicker middle and top, and are often found in developed economies. They represent a population with a low birth rate and a long life expectancy.
Stages of population
Stage 1—High birth and death rates lead to slow population growth.
Stage 2—The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth.
Stage 3—The birth rate starts to fall, so population growth starts to slow.
Stage 4—The birth rate reaches the same low level as the death rate, so population growth slows to zero.
Can population political intervention of population policies be sustainable?
Population policies can be sustainable if they are well-designed and consider the needs of the environment and human welfare.
Ex.
Investing in women’s empowerment, healthcare, and family planning: This policy can help to achieve a rapid decline in birth rates, as seen in Kerala, India.
