6. Population

Question 1

Birth Rate

Answer 1

The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year.

Question 2

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 2

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Question 3

Population Momentum

Answer 3

The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been achieved because of the relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.

Question 4

Death Rate

Answer 4

The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.

Question 5

Natural Increase

Answer 5

The surplus of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.

Question 6

Total Fertility Rates

Answer 6

The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year. This rate is sometimes stated as the number of children women are having today.

Question 7

Natural Decrease

Answer 7

The deficit of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.

Question 8

Demography

Answer 8

Statistical study of human populations

Question 9

Life expectancy

Answer 9

The average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person’s life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth.

Question 10

Demography Transition Model

Answer 10

A model that explains how a country’s population changes over time as the birth and death rates change in relation to each other

Question 11

Pro-natalist policy

Answer 11

Policies that encourage and support higher birth rates. They are often used in countries with low fertility rates, aging populations, or slow natural population increase.

Question 12

Examples of pro-natalist policies

Answer 12

Tax incentives: Some countries offer tax incentives to encourage people to have children.

Childcare services: Some countries pay for childcare or hospital bills for children.

Propaganda: Governments and organizations can use propaganda to promote having more children.

Question 13

China’s one-child policy

Answer 13

Anti-natalist policy

Was in effect from 1979 to 2016

Intended to reduce the country’s rapidly growing population

The policy included:
1) Fines for having more than one child
2) increased access to family planning
3) Posters promoting the benefits of having only one child
4) Reports of forced abortions and sterilizations

Question 14

Anti-natalist policy

Answer 14

A government policy that aims to reduce a country’s fertility rate and birth rate to slow population growth. These policies are often used in countries with high birth rates and rapidly growing populations

Question 15

Countries with pro-natalist policies

Answer 15

Russia: Uses pro-natalist policies to address low fertility rates, high mortality rates, and stagnant immigration

Sweden

Question 16

Countries with anti-natalist policies

Answer 16

Singapore

Taiwan

Question 17

Why is change in global population an important issue?

Answer 17

It can be a burden as it will mean there are more people to house, educate and feed.

It can also be an opportunity for economic growth if enough jobs are available.

Question 18

How do different geographic factors influence the changing demographics of a specific place?

Answer 18

Climate

Natural Resources

Environmental Factors

Question 19

How does climate influence the changing demographics of a specific place?

Answer 19

Temperature:
Extreme temperatures can limit population growth. For example, very cold or hot regions may be less hospitable to human settlement.

Rainfall

Natural Disasters

Question 20

How do environment factors influence the changing demographics of a specific place?

Answer 20

Pollution: Areas with high population may experience population decline

Conservation: Environmental conservation efforts can limit development and population growth in certain areas

Question 21

How do natural resources influence the changing demographics of a specific place?

Answer 21

Availability and Quality of the natural resources present

Question 22

Why might there be a low birth rate/ fertility rate but still the total population of the country is increasing

Answer 22

A country’s population can increase even if its birth rate or fertility rate is low if the number of women entering the reproductive age bracket increases.

Migration

Question 23

How is the population influenced by the levels of development in a country?

Answer 23

A growing population can provide a larger labor force.

A growing population requires more schools and teachers.

Etc.

Question 24

Limitations for demographic transition models

Answer 24

The DTM doesn’t consider other demographic variables like migration, age, and gender distribution

TBC

Question 25

What do population pyramids represent?

Answer 25

Population pyramid is a record of the past and the prediction of the future.

Question 26

9 Characteristics of population pyramids

Answer 26

Divided by genders

Intervals of 4 years in age

Divided into categories (reproductive years, etc)

More people in the pre reproductive age means population will grow very fast

More people in middle aged or reproduction age will mean population will grow slow

Low birth rate and death rates means population will be stable or slight decrease

• 0-15 is pre reproductive age
• 15-45 is reproductive age
• 45 and above is post reproductive age

Pre reproductive age and post reproductive age is the dependent population

More reproductive age or middle population will indicate economic growth

Question 27

Types of population pyramids

Answer 27

Constructive

Expansive

Stationary

Question 28

Expansive

Answer 28

These pyramids have a wide base and a narrow top

High birth rate and a high mortality rate

Developing countries.

Question 29

Stationary

Answer 29

Each age group has an equal proportion of the population

Population size is stable

Ex. Austria

Question 30

Constrictive

Answer 30

These pyramids have a narrow base and a thicker middle and top, and are often found in developed economies. They represent a population with a low birth rate and a long life expectancy.

Question 31

Stages of population

Answer 31

Stage 1—High birth and death rates lead to slow population growth.

Stage 2—The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth.

Stage 3—The birth rate starts to fall, so population growth starts to slow.

Stage 4—The birth rate reaches the same low level as the death rate, so population growth slows to zero.

Question 32

Can population political intervention of population policies be sustainable?

Answer 32

Population policies can be sustainable if they are well-designed and consider the needs of the environment and human welfare.

Ex.
Investing in women’s empowerment, healthcare, and family planning: This policy can help to achieve a rapid decline in birth rates, as seen in Kerala, India.