6. Managing change Flashcards
Organizational change
any alteration of people, structure, or technology in an organization
Change agent
someone who acts as a catalyst (chất xúc tác) and assumes the responsibility for managing the change process
external forces
- changing consumer needs and wants
- new government laws
- changing technology
- economic changes
internal forces
- new organizational strategy
- change in composition of workforce
- new equipment
- changing employee attitudes
Calm waters metaphor (phép ẩn dụ)
- Unfreezing the status quo (Giải phóng hiện trạng)
- Changing to a new state (Thay đổi trạng thái mới)
- Refreezing to make the change permanent (Sàng lọc để thực hiện thay đổi vĩnh viễn)
White-water rapids metaphor
the lack of environmental stability and predictability requires that managers and organizations continually adapt and manage change actively to survive
The calm waters metaphor suggests that
change is an occasional disruption in the normal flow of events and can be planned and managed as it happens
Reactive
reacting to a situation that has occurred
Proactive
acting in advance of a situation
organizations can take
a reactive or proactive approach
4 type of changes
- strategy
- structure
- technology
- people
changing strategy
ensuring the org’s success
structure
structural components and structural design
technology
work processes, methods, and equipment
people
attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behavior - individual and group
Failure to change strategy when
circumstances dictate could undermine a company’s success.
Organizational development
change methods that focus on:
- people
- the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships
more effective interpersonal work relationships
- sensitivity training
- team building
- intergroup development
- process consultation
- survey feedback
sensitivity training
a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction
team building
activities that help team members learn how each member thinks and works
intergroup development
changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that work group have about each other
process consultation
an outside consultant helps the manager understand how interpersonal processes are affecting the way work is being done
survey feedback
a technique for assessing attitudes and perceptions, identifying discrepancies in these, and resolving the differences by using survey information in feedback groups
why do people resist change
- uncertainty
- habit
- fear of loss
- belief change is inconsistent with goals of organization
techniques for reducing resistance to change
- education and communication
- participation
- facilitation (tạo điều kiện dễ dàng) and support
- negotiation (sự thương lượng)
- manipulation and co-optation (sự kết nạp)
- coercion (sự ép buộc)
Managers can make change happen successfully by
- making organization change capable
- understanding own role
- giving employees a role in the change process
managers can create a culture of change through
understanding the situational factors that facilitate (làm cho dễ) change
Conditions that facilitate change
- dramatic crisis occurs
- leadership changes hands
- culture is weak
strategy for managing cultural change
- being positive role models
- creating new stories, symbols, and
rituals - selecting, promoting, and supporting employees who adopt the new values
- redesigning socialization processes
- changing the reward system
- clearly specifying expectations
- shaking up current subcultures
- getting employees to participate in change.
Stress
the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities
Stressors
factors that cause stress
What Causes Stress?
- Task demands
- Role demands
- Role conflicts
- Role overload
- Role ambiguity - Interpersonal demands
- Organization structure
- Organizational leadership
Managers help employees deal with stress by
- Ensuring employees’ abilities match job
- Improving organizational communication
- Using a performance planning program
- Redesigning jobs
Creativity
the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between ideas
Innovation
taking creative ideas and turning them into useful products or work methods
Stimulating innovation needs
- structural variables
- culture variables
- human resource variables
Structural Variables
- Organic structures
- Abundant resources
- High interunit communication
- Minimal time pressure
- Work and nonwork support
Cultural Variables
- Acceptance of ambiguity
- Tolerance of the impractical
- Low external controls
- Tolerance of risks
- Tolerance of conflict
- Focus on ends
- Open-system focus
- Positive feedback
Important human resource variables include
- high commitment to training and
development - high job security
- encouraging individuals to be idea champions.
When a business approaches innovation with a design-thinking mentality, the emphasis is on
getting a deeper understanding of what customers need and want.
Disruptive innovation
innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change an industry’s rules of the game
Sustaining innovation
small and incremental changes in established products rather than dramatic breakthroughs
Large, established, and highly profitable organizations are most vulnerable to disruptive innovations because
they have the most to lose and are most vested in their current markets and technologies.
Implications
- For entrepreneurs
- For corporate managers
- Skunk works: a small group within a large organization, given a high degree of autonomy and unhampered by corporate bureaucracy, whose mission is to develop a project primarily for the sake of radical innovation - For career planning
Describe making the case for change.
Change agent
External forces
Internal forces
Compare and contrast views on the change process.
- Calm waters metaphor
- White water rapids metaphor
- Lewin’s three-step model
Classify areas of organizational change.
- Strategy
- Structure
- Technology
- People
techniques for stimulating innovation
- Creativity
- Innovation
- Design thinking and innovation
