6. Male Reproductive System Flashcards by katie hill

What is the septum of the scrotum

Divides scrotum into 2 components for each testis

Deep to scrotal raphe

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What is the innervation of the testis & scrotum

Anterior surface: Lumbar plexus

Posterior & inferior surfaces: Sacral plexus

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What is the lymphatic drainage of the testis & scrotum

Testis: para aortic nodes
Scrotum: superficial inguinal nodes

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How are the testes suspended in the scrotum

Spermatic cords

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What are the 2 main layers of the testes

Tunica vaginalis: visceral & parietal layers

Tunica albuginea: tough, fibrous outer layer

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Describe the 2 sublayers of the tunica vaginalis in the testes

Visceral later:
covers each testes
except where attaches to epididymis & spermatic cord

Parietal layer:
adjacent to internal spermatic fascia
More extensive than visceral
Extends superiorly for short distance onto distal part of spermatic cord

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Describe the descent of the testis

Arise in Mesonephric ridge @ lower pole of kidneys

Tethered to labioscrotal folds (genital swellings: future scrotum) by gubernaculum (future scrotal ligament)

As body grows, relative position of testis becomes more caudal

Musculo-fascial layer evaginates into scrotum with peritoneal membrane, to form Processus Vaginalis

As descend, cross inguinal canal & exit anterolateral abdominal wall

Above testis, fascia & peritoneum become closely apposed;
Fascial layers obliterated
Stem of Processus vaginalis/vas deferens/testicular vessels/nerves forms spermatic cord, occupying inguinal canal

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What are the 2 cells of the testis
What do they produce
Where are they found

Sertoli cells:
Spermatozoa development
Seminiferous tubules

Leydig (interstitial) cells:
Secrete testosterone
In interstitial tissue

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Describe the arterial supply of the testis

Direct from abdominal aorta
Long testicular arteries arise inferior to renal arteries
Blood cooled in testicular artery, as wrapped in testicular vein
Pass retroperitoneally, cross ureters & inf part of iliac arteries to reach deep inguinal rings
Pass thru Inguinal canal, emerging thru superficial inguinal rings
Enter spermatic cords

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Describe the venous drainage of the testis

Asymmetrical:
Veins emerging from testis & epididymis from Pampiniform Venous Plexus (part of testis thermoregulatory system)
Venous plexus converge, forming L & R testicular veins
R testicular vein drains to IVC
L testicular vein drains to L renal vein

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What are the 3 segments of the epididymis

Head (caput)
Body (corpus)
Tail (caudal)

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How does the epididymis connect to the seminiferous tubules

Via efferent ductules & the rete testis

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What are the main functions of the epididymis

Sperm transport
House sperm from maturation
House sperm for storage (in tail segment)

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Describe the course of the vas (ductus) deferens

Ascends in spermatic cord
Traverses inguinal canal
Passes around pelvic side wall
Passes between bladder &amp; ureter
Forms dilated ampulla
Opens into ejaculatory duct

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What is the main function of the vas deferens

Transport sperms rapidly to prostatic urethra

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What are the contents of the spermatic cord

Neurovascular:
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Artery to Vas
Pampiniform plexus
Genital branch of Genitofemoral Nerve

Duct system:
Vas deferens
Lymphatics
Processus vaginalis

What is the boundaries of the spermatic cord (what is its course)

From deep inguinal ring (lateral to inferior epigastric vessels)
To posterior border of testis
via inguinal canal & superficial Inguinal ring

What are the coverings of the spermatic cord

Where do they come from

From the anterolateral abdominal wall:

External spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia; remnant of aponeurosis of external oblique)

Cremasteric muscle & fascia (internal oblique & transversalis)

Internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia)

What is the seminal vesicle

Where is it found

2 small glands

Posterior to prostate, between bladder & rectum

Describe the structure of the seminal vesicle

Gland body has single, convoluted tube joining ampulla of vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct

Mucous membrane forms syste, of thin, branched, anastomosing folds projecting into the lumen

Where do the ejaculate contents originate from and in what proportions

Seminal vesicle: 70-80%
Prostate: 30%
Small amount from bulbourethral gland

What are the zones/lobes of the prostate

What areas of anatomy are they related to

Base: neck of bladder
Apex: urethral sphincter & deep perineal muscles
Muscular anterior surface: urethra, sphincter
Posterior: ampulla of rectum
Inferior-lateral: levator ani

What are the prostate secretions compressed of

Prostaglandins
Proteolytic enzymes
Citric acid

Where are the bulbourethral glands located

What do they produce & what is its function

Within urogenital diaphragm
Produce clear, watery solution just prior to ejaculation
May lubricate the urethra

What structural parts is the penis comprised of

Root Body Glans

What is the internal structure of the penis comprised of

2 Corpoa cavernosa (dorsally) | Single Corpus spongiosum (ventrally)

Describe the arterial supply to the penis

Branches of internal pudendal arteries | From anterior division of internal iliac

Describe the venous supply to the penis

Blood from cavernosus spaces drains into venous plexus that joins deep dorsal vein of penis Drains into prostatic venous plexus Which drains into internal iliac

Describe the 2 muscles of the male perineum & their function

Bulbospongiosus: Helps expel last drops of urine Helps maintain erection Ischiocavernosus: Compresses veins, helping to maintain erection

Describe the 4 parts of the male urethra

Pre-prostatic (very short, at neck of bladder) Prostatic Membranous (thru perineum & pelvic floor, least distensible, greatest risk of trauma in catheterisation) Spongy (penile)

``` Define the following: Hydrocoele Haematocoele Variococoele Spermatocoele Epididymitis ```

Serous fluid in tunica vaginalis Blood in tunica vaginalis Varicosities of Pampiniform plexus Retention cyst within epididymis (epididymal cyst) Inflammation of epididymal cyst

Distinguish between a direct & indirect inguinal hernia

Direct: Hernia directly into inguinal area Media, to inferior epigastric vessels Indirect: Hernia indirectly into inguinal area, via inguinal canal Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels Reopening of Processus vaginalis = potential continuity btw peritoneal cavity & tunica vaginalis (abdomen -> scrotum)

Describe testicular torsion

Twisting of spermatic cord risk necrosis of testis Usually just above upper pole of testis

Where does Benign prostatic hyperplasia usually occur in the prostate What can be a consequence

Central zone, close to urethra | Dysuria, nocturia, urgency

Where do prostate malignancies usually occur in the prostate What is the usual presentation: how long until present By what mechanisms can they metastasise

Peripheral zone Present late: large before compress urethra & cause symptoms ``` Metastasise via: Lymphatic route (internal iliac & sacral nodes) Venous route (internal vertebral plexus to vertebrae & brain) ```

What can be detected in the blood in prostatic disorders

Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA) Produced by abnormal & normal prostatic epithelial cells Often elevated in prostatic disorders Is one of diagnostic tests to differentiate BPA, prostatitis, carcinoma

What is the midline scrotal raphe

Remnant of Bilateral embryonic formation of scrotum | Continuous on ventral surface of penis with penile raphe