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Repro > 2. Control Of The Reproductive Processes > Flashcards

2. Control Of The Reproductive Processes Flashcards

1
Q 
Anterior pituitary hormones:
Cell type - Thyrotrophs:
Chemical nature
Main target tissue
Hormones this includes
A

Glycoprotein
Thyroid gland
TSH - secretion of thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones:
Cell type - corticotrophs:
Chemical nature
Hormones this includes & their main target tissue

A

Polypeptide

ACTH:
Adrenal gland
Secretion of glucocorticoid & androgens

MSH:
Melanocytes in skin & hair
Production & release of melanin

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3
Q 
Anterior pituitary hormones:
Cell type - somatotrophs:
Chemical nature
Main target tissue
Hormones this includes
A

Polypeptide
Liver, adipose tissue
Growth Hormone - promotes growth, lipid & carb metabolism

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4
Q 
Anterior pituitary hormones:
Cell type - lactotrophs:
Chemical nature
Main target tissue
Hormones this includes
A

Polypeptide
Ovaries, mammary glands
Prolactin - secretion of oestrogen & progesterone, milk production

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5
Q

How is the secretion of gonadotrophins (FSH, LH) controlled:
What stimulates their release?
What inhibits their release?

A

Controlled by GnRH pulses (one an hour)

Amt of FSH secreted in response to GnRH reduced by Inhibin (a peptide hormone produced by Granulosa cells in ovary follicle / Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules)

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6
Q

Which hormones affect the simulation / inhibition of GnRH/LH/FSH
What affect does each have?

A

Testosterone: reduces GnRH, LH, FSH secretion

Oestrogen @ moderate titres: reduces GnRH, LH, FSH secretion

Oestrogen along @ high concs: promotes GnRH, LH, FSH release

Progesterone: increases inhibitory effect of oestrogen

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7
Q

Describe the effect that gonadotrophs have on the testis

A

LH:
Binds to Leydig cells
Promotes secretion of testosterone:
Acts on Sertoli cells (promotes spermatogenesis)
Maintains male repro system
Effects of LH enhanced by Prolactin & Inhibin

FSH:
Binds to Sertoli cells (makes them responsive to testosterone)

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8
Q

Describe the effect of gonadotrophs on the ovaries in the antral phase (early & middle follicular)

A

LH:
Binds to Theca Interna cells (produce androgens)

FSH:
binds to Granulosa cells (produce enzymes, convert androgens to oestrogen)

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9
Q

Describe the effect of gonadotrophs on the ovaries in the pro-ovulatory phase phase (37 hrs pre ovulation)

A

Follicle grown & producing high amounts of oestrogen
LH receptors dev in outer layers of Granulosa cells
High oestrogen positively feeds back: LH surge (stimulates ovulation)
FSH still being inhibited by Inhibin

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10
Q

Describe the effect of gonadotrophs on the ovaries in the luteal phase (post ovulatory)

A

LH stimulates corpus luteum:
produces progesterone & oestrogen (Enhances negative feedback, progesterone prevents positive feedback, prevents new follicles developing)

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11
Q

What are the actions of testosterone in the male (fall into 2 broad categories)

A 
Determinative (partly/not reversible):
Increase size/mass of muscle, vocal cords, bones
Deepens voice
Facial & body hair
Increased stature
Growth of penis

Regulatory (highly reversible):
Maintenance of male internal genitalia
Metabolic (anabolic) action
Behavioural effects (aggression, sexual activity)

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12
Q

What are the actions of oestrogen in the female

A 
Fallopian tube function
Thickening of endometrium
Growth & motility of myometrium
Thin alkaline cervical mucus
Vaginal changes
Changes in skin, hair & metabolism
Calcium metabolism
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13
Q

What are the actions of progesterone on oestrogen primed cells

A

Further thickening of endometrium into secretory form
Thickening of myometrium but reduction of motility
Thick, acid cervical mucus
Changes in mammary tissue
Increased body temp
Metabolic (mild catabolic) changes
Electrolyte changes

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14
Q

Describe the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase:
Stimulates development of a follicle in the ovary
Uterus prepared for sperm transport & implantation of conceptus

Pre ovulation phase:
LH surge stimulates ovulation
Brief period of fertility
Formation of corpus luteum

Luteal phase:
LH maintains corpus luteum in ovary
Waiting for pregnancy

Menses:
Sudden fall in progesterone & oestrogen

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15
Q

Describe the effects of steadily rising oestrogen in the follicular phase

A 
Stimulates:
Fallopian tube function (secretion, motility, cilia)
Myometrium (growth, motility)
Endometrium (thickening, glandular invaginations, secrete watery fluid)
Cervical mucus (thin, alkaline)
Vaginal epithelium (mitosis)
Mild anabolism
Effect on CVS
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16
Q

Describe the effects of progesterone on oestrogen-primed cells in the Luteal phase

A

Fallopian tube (motility, secretion, cilia)
Myometrium (further thickening, reduction in motility)
Endometrium (further thickening, secretion, dev spiral arteries)
Cervical mucus (thickening, acidification)
Mild catabolism
Elevates basal body temp
Promotes Na+ & H2O net retention (with oestrogen)

17
Q

Describe the effects of a sudden fall in progesterone & oestrogen in menses

A

Elaborate secretory epithelium of endometrium collapses
Apoptotic cell death
Dead tissue shed
Spiral arteries contract to reduce bleeding

18
Q

Describe the pattern of gonadotrophin & gonadal steroid secretion over the menstrual cycle

A 
Beginning of cycle: 
Oestrogen / progesterone /inhibin low
GnRH secretion: not inhibited 
LH & FSH rise (FSH more: low Inhibin) - follicles grow
Oestrogen & Inhibin rise
FSH selectively inhibited by Inhibin
Oestrogen release = GnRH & LH released
Theca Interna develops

Day 12-14:
LH surge: positive feedback of rising oestrogen
Ovulation
Oestrogen levels fall dramatically

After ovulation:
LH promotes oestrogen & progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
CL maintains suppression of FSH
LH also suppressed (positive feedback inhibited by progesterone)

14 days post ovulation:
CL regresses spontaneously
Progesterone & oestrogen fall = menses
Relieves inhibition of GnRH, FSH, LH

19
Q

What changes occur in the menstrual cycle of conception had occurred

A

Implanted embryo develops placenta
Secreted hCG
Prevents regression of corpus luteum
Which continues to secrete oestrogen & progesterone
(Supports early weeks of pregnancy & maintains suppression of ovarian cycle)

20
Q 
Anterior pituitary hormones:
Cell type - Gonadotrophs:
Chemical nature
Main target tissue
Hormones this includes
A

Glycoprotein
Gonads
FSH - growth of Reproductive sys, LH - sex hormone production

Repro (13 decks)

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