6 - LTM structure Flashcards
is LTM dynamic like WM?
yes, LTM is active in a lot of out cognitive processes like hearing interpretation and such
what is a serial position curve
cried by presenting a list of words to a participant and measuring their ability remember them
- forms a distinct U shape
- primacy effect - highest ability to rehears early words and store them in LTM
- as more words are presented, gotta rehearse those too so more storage is taken up
- recency effect - most recent items are remembered best
- still in the WM!
explain Rundus’ findings on the primacy effect and rehearsal
did two tasks - normal and one where they had to repeat the words outlaid
- serial positon curve for the second task just decreases from the first, no upshot
- indicates that higher rehearsal increases recall
explain Glanzer and Cunitz findings on the recency effect
serial position normal way plus one where they had them count back from 30 after theyd been shown the lost
- eliminated the recency effect - words were out of WM
what is coding
the form in which stimuli are represented
what are the two approaches to coding
- physiological approach ; represented by neurones
2. mental approach - represented by the mind
explain the sickens experiment on proactive interference
presented words related to fruits or occupations
- listen to three words, then count back from 15, then recall
- did this for four trials with different words each time
- trying to create proactive interference; decrease in memory that occurs when previously learning information interferes with learning new information
- more times they are exposed to lists within a category, the worse performance is
- if they switch categories , called the release from proactive interference
what does the release from proactive interference tell us about coding in WM?
depends n the categories - semantic content tf semantic coding
explain Sachs’ study on the form of coding in LTM . remote recognition memory
listen to a tape recoding, then measure recognition memory
- meaning or the actual words?
- lots of ppl got the task right, but often messed up the words and got the meaning right
how does coding for LTM and STM differ
STM tasks are often encoded auditory
- but LTM is often semantic
explain the case of H.M and his hippocampal ablation
eliminated the ability to form new LTM
- STM remained n tact
- also opposite people
- establishes a double dissociation between STM and LTM
explain Ranganath and D’Esposito’s brain imaging studies for hippocampus activity in STM and LTM
asked whether the hippocampus might also influencehlding information for short periods of time
- show a face, then a delay, then either the same or a different one
- novel faces haven’t been shown before in the study
- activity in hippo goes up as participants hold novel faces in memory during the delay
- changes only slightly when its a familiar face
- hippo is involved in maintaining novel information in memory
what is the difference in experience between episodic and semantic memories
Tulving - mental time travel, episodic memories feel like ‘going back’
- semantic memory doesn’t feel this way
what is the neurophysical evidence for the dissociation f semantic and episodic memory
case studies
1. KC - damage to hippo and adjacent areas
- cannot relive memories of his past
- can remember semantic facts
2. LP: couldn’t remember semantic information but could recall episodic content
- double diss!
but hard to conclude for sure, brain damage is never that specific
explain Levine’s studies on semantic and episode memory w brain imaging
- told ppl to keep diaries for personal events
- and also facts drawn from semantic knowledge
- recorded their brains as they listened to their recordings
- different brain regions for semantic vs episodic memory
- there is overlap, but also lots of not overlap lol
what are the two provided examples of the interactions btwn episodic and semantic memories
- knowledge’s affects on experience
- looking to the second base bc you know how baseball works - the composition of autobiographical memory
is autobiographical memory episodic or semantic?
BOTH
- personal semantic memories (I did x when I was y years old or sumn)
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explain Wesmacott and Moscovitch;s study on episodic and semantic memory for famous people
knowledge about these figures can include both components
- semantic memories involving personal episodes are autobiographically significant semantic memories
- recall was better for public figures who had higher autobiographical sign.
- experiences related to episodic memories can aid in accessing semantic ones
- ran the exp again on brain damaged ppl w no episodic memories
- no effects
is forgetting all or nothing
no, different degrees of it
what are two different degrees of remembering and what are they each associated with (episodic vs semantic)
- familliarity - I know this person but dont know why or any details
- associated with semantic memory - no context of episodic memory - recollection - remember the specific information/details about the person
- related to episodic memory
what is the remember.know procedure
presented with a stimulus encountered before
- asked if they remember if the stimulus is familiar and the conditions under which it was learned
- vs if they know know if it is familiar but dont remember how
- vs if they dont know shit about it
distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar // episodic vs semantic
what is the semanticization of remote memories?
older memories tend to lose their episodic character
-demonstrated in both short periods and long ones (1 week to 50 years)
explain the link between memory and the ability tho think about your future
related to our ability to visualize or create possible scenarios about the future
- found attenuated in patients who’ve lost episodic memory
explain Addis; study on the interaction between memory and creating scenarios about the future
what did this lead Addis and Schacter to propose?
used the same regions in the brain
- led them to propose the constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis - episodicx memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of the future
explain McDermott’s findings on the interaction between memory and creating scenarios about the future in terms of perspective
asked participants to remember an event from the past or imagine a similar event in the future
- then notice whether it was from 1st or 3rd person
- both were most likely viewed from 3rd perspective but less so when remembering the past rather than imagining the future
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why is it useful to be able to imagine the future?
when the future arrives, we gotta know how to respond fast
- led addis and them to propose that episodic memories function to predict / imagine the future
how does mind wandering relate to episodic memory and future prediction (2)
- Baird 2011 - mostly thinking about the future during mind wandering
led ppl to suggest that this is its main role - to plan for the future - DMN damage can reduce capacity to retrieve autobiographical memory which itself is associated with creating possible futures
what are the three types of implicit memories
- procedural memory
- priming
- conditioning
explain the implicit nature of procedural memory (2 findings)
- damage to the hippocampus of those skilled in a task does not undermine their capacity to perform the task
- amnesiacs can improve in tasks even if they dont remember practicing (mirror drawing)
what is expert induced amnesia
experts cannot always recall their performance as it happens so automatically
- output of practice is automatic
explain the connection between procedural and semantic memory
LSJ - had lost episodic and semantic memory
- couldn’t recognize paintings even though she was an artist
- but could still answer questions related to procedural memory
- memory systems are discrete but always interacting
what is repetition priming
test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus - facilitates response times
- implicit bc ppl dont need to remember seeing the stimulus the first time
how do we ensure that repetition priming is implicit/
- test patients with amnesia
- present it inn a task that doesn’t seem to be about memory use testing procedures that dont refer to memory
- introduce speed of response - can’t think consciously if its super fast
what is the propaganda effect and how does it relate to repetition priming
- more likely to rate facts as being true if we have seen them before
- we have been primed to respond this way !
- can occur even if they are told the information is false or when they have been told where they experienced them the first time
what is classical conditioning
the paring of a neutral stimulus with a conditioning stimulus that elicits a response, such that the first stimulus takes one the response of the latter
