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GCSE bio > 6. Inheritance, variation and evolution > Flashcards

6. Inheritance, variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

How many cells are produced at the end of mitosis?

A

2 identical cells

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2
Q

How many cells are produces at the end of meiosis?

A

4 non identical cells

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3
Q

What are the male gametes in plants?

A

Pollen

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4
Q

What are the female gametes in plants?

A

The egg

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5
Q

What are the male gametes in animals?

A

Sperm

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6
Q

What are the female gametes in animals?

A

The egg

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7
Q

What is the basic structure of DNA?

A

Double helix with a phosphate back bone

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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9
Q

What is the genome?

A

All the genetic material within an organism

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10
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell

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11
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long, coiled molecules of DNA that carry genetic information in the form of genes

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12
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A gene mutation which stops efficient transport of water and ions due to a build up of mucus

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14
Q

What does it mean if an allele is dominant?

A

It will always be expressed

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15
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organism’s genetic composition

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16
Q

List the Linnaean system

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species

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17
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organism’s visible characteristics

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18
Q

What does it mean if an allele is recessive?

A

It will only be expressed if there are two recessive alleles

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place

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20
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for females?

A

XX

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21
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for males?

A

XY

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22
Q

What is a vector?

A

A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another

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23
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of female and male gametes to produce a zygote

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24
Q

Why is it important to understand the human genome? [3]

A

Genes can be searched and linked to different types of disease. It improves the understanding and treatment of inherited disorders. It can be used to trace human migration patterns.

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25
Q

What is evolution?

A

A gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time

26
Q

How do two populations become different species?

A

Speciation - when their phenotypes become so different that they ca no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

27
Q

Give three examples of desired characteristics for selective breeding in plants

A

Large flowers, high crop yield, disease resistance

28
Q

Give three examples of desired characteristics for selective breeding in animals

A

Higher meat yield, gentle nature in domestic dogs, higher milk yield (cows)

29
Q

Give four disadvantages of selective breeding

A
  • Reduction in gene pool would be harmful if environment suddenly changes
  • Inbreeding can result in genetic disorders
  • Takes a long time for desired characteristics to be shown fully
  • Potential to unknowingly select harmful recessive alleles
30
Q

What is a use for genetically modified bacteria cells?

A

To produce human insulin to treat Type 1 Diabetes

31
Q

Give two examples of vectors

A

Plasmids and viruses

32
Q

Why was Darwin’s theory of evolution not initially accepted?

A

Most people believed that God created the animals

33
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new species due to populations varying so much they can no longer interbreed

34
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of organisms with similar characteristics which are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

35
Q

Give two kinds of evidence used to show evolution

A

Fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria

36
Q

Why are there few traces of early life-forms left behind?

A

They are mostly soft bodied, so decayed easily

37
Q

Name four factors that may lead to extinctions

A

Diseases, predation, changes to the environment, competitors

38
Q

What enables bacteria to evolve quickly?

A

They reproduce very quickly

39
Q

Why are resistant strains of bacteria dangerous?

A

People have no immunity to them and there is no effective treatment

40
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Genetic disorder that causes you have extra fingers or toes

41
Q

Is polydactyly caused by recessive or dominant alleles?

A

Dominant

42
Q

Is cystic fibrosis caused by recessive or dominant alleles?

A

Recessive

43
Q

What causes variation?

A

Random gene mutations

44
Q

Name three ways that fossils can be formed

A
  • from parts of organisms that cannot decay due to the required conditions for decay being absent
  • when parts of organisms are replaced by minerals as they decay
  • as preserved traces of organisms
45
Q

Why are fossils formed in amber?

A

There is a lack of oxygen and moisture so decomposers cannot survive to break down organisms

46
Q

Why are fossils formed in glaciers and permafrost regions?

A

Area is too cold for decomposers to survive

47
Q

Why are fossils formed in peat bogs?

A

Peat bogs are too acidic for decomposers to survive

48
Q

Describe the process of fossilisation that replaces organisms with rocks and minerals as they decay

A

Body parts such as teeth, bones and shells don’t decay easily and last a long time after the organism has died. They are slowly replaced by minerals that form a rock-like substance in the same shape as the original body part.

49
Q

Give three examples of preserved traces of organisms

A
  • footprints left in soft materials like clay
  • burrows
  • rootlet traces
50
Q

What does it mean if a new branch is added to an evolutionary tree diagram?

A

Speciation has occurred

51
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Very dangerous bacterial strain that is resistant to most antibiotics

52
Q

How are organisms named?

A

By the binomial system of Genus (with a capital letter) then species (with a lowercase letter)

53
Q

What were organisms classified by originally?

A

Morphology and anatomy

54
Q

Who developed the three domain system?

A

Carl Woese

55
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota

56
Q

Name two characteristics which are features of organisms in the domain Archaea?

A

Can live in extreme environments, cytoplasm contains DNA

57
Q

Give four examples of organisms in the Eukaryota domain

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals

58
Q

Give three examples of evidence used to classify living things

A
  • chemical analysis
  • DNA analysis
  • Studies of internal structures using electron microscopes
59
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

60
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering [4]

A
  1. Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene
  2. Gene is then inserted into a vector (for example a virus or plasmid).
  3. Vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells.
  4. Genes are transferred to the animal or plant during the early stages of development so they can develop with desired characteristics.
61
Q

How can scientists test if two animals are the same species?

A

Breed two together.
If they produce offspring, breed these together.
If the offspring are fertile then they were from the same species

62
Q

How are bacteria created to produce human insulin?

A
  • Human gene for insulin is isolated using an enzyme
  • Gene is inserted into a vector to be transferred to the bacteria cell
  • Vector inserts gene into the bacteria cell
  • Bacteria reproduce asexually to produce offspring that produce insulin

GCSE bio (4 decks)

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