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GCSE bio > 1. Cell Biology > Flashcards

1. Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

controls what enter and exits the cell

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2
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place inside the cell

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3
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

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4
Q

what are mitochondria?

A

produces energy for the cell through respiration

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5
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose to hold the cell together only plants

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6
Q

what is the permanent vacuole?

A

gives cell structure and rigidity and stores certain materials

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7
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

contains chlorophyll which takes in sunlight via photosynthesis

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8
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

contains all the genetic material to control the activities of the cell

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9
Q

name 2 eukaryotic cells

A

animal and plant cells

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10
Q

what are plasmids?

A

contain genetic information in prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

name one type of prokaryotic cell

A

bacterial cell

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12
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

a cell which has a particular structure and composition of sub cellular structures. fulfils a specific purpose.

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13
Q

name 3 specialised cells in plants

A

xylem, phloem, root hair cells

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14
Q

name 3 specialised cells in animals

A

red blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells

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15
Q

what substances does the xylem vessel transport?

A

water and dissolved ions

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16
Q

what substances does the phloem vessel transport?

A

dissolved sugars and amino acids

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17
Q

describe the structure and adaptations of xylem vessels [3]

A

no sieve plates to form continuous hollow tubes for water to be drawn up. cells are dead to allow free passage of water. outer walls are thickened with lignin to support the plant.

18
Q

describe the structure and adaptations of phloem vessels [3]

A

made of living cells supported by companion cells. sieve plates form tubes to allow sugars and amino acids to flow through easily. cells have very few subcellular structures to aid the flow of materials.

19
Q

describe the structure and adaptations of root hair cells [4]

A

root hairs increase surface area to maximise water uptake by osmosis. thin walls make for a shorter diffusion distance and easier water uptake. permanents vacuole contains very concentrated cell sap to maintain the concentration gradient. lots of mitochondria to produce energy for active transport.

20
Q

describe the structure and adaptations of sperm cells [4]

A

haploid nucleus contains half the amount of chromosomes (23). Acrosome in head contains digestive enzymes to break down the surface of the egg cell so that the sperm and egg nucleus’ can fuse. lots of mitochondria in the midpiece to release energy via respiration for the tail. tail rotates to propel the sperm cell and allow it to swim.

21
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process in which cells develop specific structures and compositions of sub cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function.

22
Q

what structures can be seen through a light microscope?

A

cells and large sub cellular structure such as the nucleus and vacuole. stains are often needed to highlight parts of the cell.

23
Q

what structures can be seen through an electron microscope?

A

very small subcellular structures such as mitochondria, and shows them as 3D structures. images are shown in black and white.

24
Q

what is the equation used to calculate magnification?

A

magnification = image size / actual size

25
Q

what happens in the first stage of the cell cycle (interphase)?

A

cell grows and replicates its organelles. the number of ribosomes increase for building proteins as well as mitochondria to provide energy. DNA is replicated to form 2 copies of each chromosome

26
Q

what happens in the second stage of the cell cycle (mitosis)?

A

cell continues to grow until all organelles have replicated. one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell and the two nuclei are formed.

27
Q

what happens in the third stage of the cell cycle (cytokinesis)?

A

cytoplasm and membranes then divide to form two identical cells.

28
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell which has the ability to specialise into any type of cell.

29
Q

at what stage in life can animal cells differentiate?

A

very early stages in development

30
Q

where are stem cells found in fully formed bodies?

A

bone marrow

31
Q

where are stem cells found in plants?

A

shoots, tips, roots, meristem

32
Q

at what stage in life can plant cells differentiate?

A

they retain this ability throughout their life

33
Q

what is an embryonic stem cell?

A

stem cells from embryos which have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell

34
Q

what is an adult stem cell?

A

stem cells which can only differentiate into cells of the immune system and blood cells.

35
Q

what are meristem stem cells?

A

cells in the shoots, roots and tips of plants where cells are actively dividing. they can differentiate into any plant cell.

36
Q

name two diseases which can be treated with stem cells

A

type 1 diabetes and paralysis

37
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

an embryo with the same genes as the patients is developed and stem cells are removed. these are then differentiated into the required specialised cells.

38
Q

what is a benefit of using stem cells

A

good potential to treat a wide variety of disease from diabetes to paralysis.

39
Q

name three risks of using stem cells

A

cultured stem cells may become infected with a virus which could be transmitted to the patient. cultures stem cells may accumulate mutations which could lead to the patient developing cancer. low numbers of stem cell donors.

40
Q

name three ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells

A

the embryos cannot consent to being used for stem cell treatment. some think it isn’t right to create embryos with the intention of destroying them, as it is a potential life. embryos may be viewed as a commodity instead of something which could develop into a person.

GCSE bio (4 decks)

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