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GCSE bio > 5. Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

5. Homeostasis and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain optimum internal conditions

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2
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells that detect stimuli and turn it into an electrical impulse

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3
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands that respond to nervous impulses and bring about a response to the stimulus

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4
Q

What are synapses?

A

Connections between neurones that chemicals diffuse across

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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood to activate target cells and organs

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A group of glands that secrete hormones

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

The brain

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8
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Behind the stomach

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9
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

The neck

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10
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found?

A

Just above the kidneys

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11
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

Either side of the uterus

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12
Q

Where are the testes found?

A

Next to the penis

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13
Q

What hormones do the pituitary gland produce?

A

FSH and LH

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14
Q

What hormones do the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

What hormone does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine

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16
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline

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17
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

To control the release of other hormones

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20
Q

What is the role of thyroxine?

A

To control metabolism, heart rate and body temperature

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21
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

To increase breathing rate, blood glucose levels and blood flow

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22
Q

What is the role of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

To contribute to the menstrual cycle and puberty

23
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

To produce sperm and puberty symptoms

24
Q

How does the body react to an increase in blood glucose concentration?

A

The pancreas secretes insulin into the blood

25
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Stimulates liver and muscle cells to take up excess glucose from the blood

26
Q

How does the body react to a decrease in blood glucose concentration?

A

pancreas secretes glucagon into he blood

27
Q

What is the role of glucagon?

A

To stimulate liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream

28
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin to control blood glucose levels

29
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas even though it is still being produced

30
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries

31
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg

32
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Grows the uterus lining and inhibits FSH production

33
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Maintaining the uterus lining

34
Q

In what order are the menstrual cycle hormones secreted?

A

FSH, oestrogen, LH, progesterone

35
Q

On what days are oestrogen levels highest?

A

Just before day 14

36
Q

On what days are progesterone levels highest?

A

Near the end of the cycle

37
Q

How does the mini pill work?

A

Thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching and fertilising the egg and releases progesterone

38
Q

How does the contraceptive patch work?

A

Releases progesterone and oestrogen to prevent ovulation as well as thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm for reaching and fertilising the egg

39
Q

How does the contraceptive implant work?

A

Releases progesterone to stop ovulation

40
Q

How does the contraceptive injection work?

A

releases progesterone to prevent ovulation and thins the uterus lining

41
Q

How does the combined pill work?

A

Releases oestrogen and progesterone and thickens cervical mucus to prevent the sperm from reaching and fertilising the egg

42
Q

How does a diaphragm work?

A

Acts as a barrier to cover the cervix to prevent sperm from reaching the uterus

43
Q

How does the plastic intrauterine device work?

A

Releases progesterone to prevent ovulation, thins uterus lining and thickens cervical mucus to prevent the sperm from reaching and fertilising the egg

44
Q

How does the copper intrauterine device work?

A

Prevents sperm from servicing in the uterus so that eggs cannot be fertilised

45
Q

What are two positives of IVF?

A

allows same sex couples to have children, and allows for embryonic screening against genetic disorders

46
Q

What are two negatives of IVF?

A

Very expensive and isn’t always successful

47
Q

Where does thyroxine act?

A

Heart, digestive system, brain and muscles

48
Q

Where does does adrenaline act?

A

Nearly every single organ in the body

49
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

All nerves in the body

51
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones

52
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Coordinate a response of effectors by contracting muscles or secreting hormones from glands

53
Q

What order does the nervous system follow?

A

stimulus -> receptor -> coordinator -> effector -> response

GCSE bio (4 decks)

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