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Perio Lecture Series > 6 - Immunopathogenesis 1 > Flashcards

6 - Immunopathogenesis 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List hierarchy of studies from bottom to top (6 layers)

A

1) Animal and lab studies
2) Narrative reviews, expert opinions, editorials
3) Case Reports
4) Cohort studies
5) RCT
6) SR MA

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2
Q

“Infection” defined

A

Invasion and multiplication of exogenous microorganisms

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3
Q

is periodontal disease an infection?

A

Caused by endogenous bacteria, not considered infection

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4
Q

Periodontitis “story”

A

Local changes take place + possible genetic susceptibility leads to dysbiosis. Homeostatic pathogens increase in proportions or prevalence and get immune response that tried to eliminate organisms.

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5
Q

Innate immunity definition

A

Immunity which is not intrinsically affected by prior contact with antigen

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6
Q

Innate immunity is made up of

A 
External barriers
Physiological factors
Phagocytes
Soluble mediators
TLR, AMP, HSP
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7
Q

HSP role

A

Destroy non-native proteins when body gets temperature

“Chaperone” proteins

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity definition

A

Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen specificity and memory

Develops throughout life

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9
Q

Adaptive immunity made up of

A

Lymphocytes (TC, BC)
APCs (MP, BC, DC)
ABs
Primary vs secondary response

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10
Q

Hallmark of adaptive immune response?

A

Specific memory

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11
Q

What provides early defense against viruses

A

Cytokines: TNF-a, IL12- IFNa

NK cells

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12
Q

Cell mediated immunity: What is involved

A

Th1 TC response

Production of cytotoxic TC, MP, NK, cytokines

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13
Q

Humoral immune: What is involved

A

Th2 TC and BC

AB in response to antigen

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14
Q

4 components of immune system

A

Cells
ABs
Complement
Soluble mediators

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15
Q

Antigen definition

A

Any molecule capable of being recognized by an antibody or activated TC

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16
Q

Antigen MW

A

> 10,000 daltons

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17
Q

Dalton definition

A

1.66 yoctograms

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18
Q

2 types of antigens

A

Proteins: Glycoprotein, lipoprotein

Polysaccharides: On cell surface

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19
Q

Antigenicity determined by ____ aka _____

A

Antigenic determinants

Epitopes

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20
Q

Specificity of antibodies?

A

Specific for one epitope

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21
Q

T-cells only recognize _____ antigens

A

Protein

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22
Q

of residues that constitute an antigen

A

8-15

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23
Q

Process of antigen being presented on TC

A

1) Phagocytized by APC
2) Proteolytically degraded into small peptides
3) Presented to TC as MHC + peptide complex

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24
Q

3 types of APCs

A

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
B cell

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25
B-cells recognize _____ antigens (3)
Proteins Polysaccharides Nucleic acids
26
2 types of ABs
1) Free AB | 2) BC surface receptor = BCR
27
2 types of antigens
T-Dependent T-Independent
28
T-dependent antigens are ____
Proteins
29
T-dependent antigens require ____
Activation of TC in order to stimulate BC
30
T-independent antigen examples are _____
Flagella LPS Pneumococcal polysaccharide
31
____ ABs involved in T-independent antigens
Isotypes of low affinity IgM
32
2 types of T-I antigens
Type 1 = Polyclonal B Cell activators Type 2 = Cross linking BCRs
33
Type 1 T-I antigen example
LPS Bacterial DNA
34
Type 1 T-1 antigen seen when?
Early stage of infections
35
Type 1 T-I antigen process
1) Activate BC via TLR 2) High concentration, bind BCR and TLR of different BC clones resulting in production of multi-clonal ABs 3) Low concentration, activate BC w/ specific BCR for antigen
36
Type 1 T-I antigens are called ____ because _____
Mitogens | Activate B-cells of many specificities
37
Type 2 T-I antigen process
MP presents several of the same AG Cross link BCRs, activate BC Proliferation and differentiation of BC
38
Type 2 T-I antigens activate _____ cells
Mature B
39
Type 2 T-I antigen examples
Polysaccharides of encapsulated bacteria Repetitive surface structures
40
Hapten definition
Molecule with single epitope that elicits immune response when with a carrier protein. Does not elicit immune response alone
41
Hapten examples
Contact dermatitis w/ nickel, rubber, poison ivy
42
Human MHC is ____
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
43
MHC types
Class 1: All nucleated host cells Class 2: APCs (MP, BC, DC) Class 3: Immune proteins (complement, HSP, CKs)
44
MHC binds what? Recognized by what?
Antigens T-cells
45
MHC Class 1 binds ____ to _____ or _____
Self-Ag CD8 receptor on cytotoxic TC Inhibitory receptor on NK
46
MHC Class 2 binds ____ to _____ on _____
Non-self antigen CD4 receptor T-helper cell
47
MHC Class 1 subunits
1) Transmembrane polypeptide (heavy chain) a1, a2,a3 2) Antigenic peptide 3) B-2 microglobulin
48
Viral invasion of cells. What happens?
Viral proteins degraded in cytosol by proteasomes TAP proteins takes peptides into ER lumen Assembled into MHC Type 1 Golgi apparatus --> Plasma membrane Cytoxic TC and NK attack
49
Viral invasion of cells controlled by _____ pathway
Class 1
50
___ chain occupies groove because ______
Invariant Antigenic peptides are not transported to the ER
51
Class II pathway of antigen
Endocytosis forms endosome Fuses with lysosome and antigen is digested Antigen occupies groove and complex is put on PM
52
Cell surface molecules identified by monoclonal antibodies
Cluster of differentiation
53
of CDs mapped for humans
371
54
Old ID of T-cells
Rosettes with sheep RBCs
55
Old ID of B-cells
Immunofluorescence of ABs
56
What are the granulocytes? What do they derive from?
Basophil, MC, Eosinophil, NP Hematopoietic stem cell --> Myeloblast
57
Mast Cell characteristics
Secretory granules (scrolls) Round/oval Increased in inflammation
58
MC express CD___
CD33
59
MC has high affinity for _____
Fc portion of IgE produced by plasma cells
60
How do mast cells degranulate?
Surface IgE on MC crosslinked by antigen
61
What happens when MC degranulate
``` Histamine release Neutral proteases activate C3 Platelet activating factor Chemotactic factors Inflammation ```
62
NP half life
Circulation: 4-10 hours Tissue: 1-2 days
63
NP azurophilic granules
``` Lysozyme Myeloperoxidase Elastase Cathepsin B Defensins ```
64
Monocyte nucleus, life span
Kidney bean | Months to years
65
Different MP names and where
``` Kupffer: Liver Microglial: Brain Mesangial: Kidney Splenic Alveolar: Lung Langerhans: mucosa ```
66
Lymphocyte life-span TC/BC proportions
Months in circulation 1-2 weeks extravascular TC 80% BC 15%
67
Lymphocyte morphology characteristic
High nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
68
Plasma cell morphology
Eccentric nucleus Prominent ER
69
NK cell CD #s | ____% of lymphocytes
CD16, CD56 10-15% of lymphocytes
70
NK cell function (2)
Kill tumor cells | Kill viral infected cells
71
What activates NK cells? NK cell granules
Interferons Perforins, granzymes, cytokines
72
2 types of NK cells + %'s
CD56dim - 90% CD56bright - 10%
73
Most cytotoxic NK cells
CD56dim/CD16
74
Primary lymphoid organs
Thymus | Bone marrow
75
Secondary lymphoid organs Immune response to what?
LN - tissue Spleen - blood MALT - mucosa
76
Encapsulated lymphoid organs
LN Spleen
77
Round 1 of TC selection. What happens and where
Thymus cortex Have to be able to recognize MHC
78
Competent to MHC II become? MHC I become?
CD4 CD8
79
Round 2 of TC selection. What happens and where
Thymus medulla APCs present self antigens. Too strong of affinity? Apoptosis
80
How many TCs pass the test?
2%
81
T-cells not activated at immunoprivileged sites is called ______
Ignorance
82
Ignorance happens where
Brain Anterior chamber of eye Testes Fetus
83
TC engages MHC on APC w/out costimulatory molecules CD28/80 is called ______
Induced anergy
84
Deletion happens when ____
FasL aka CD95L binds FAS-R
85
What suppresses auto-reactive TC
CD25 regulatory TC Expresses IL-10 and TGF-B
86
FasL expressed on what cell
Cytotoxic TC
87
BC central tolerance takes place where
Bone marrow
88
Immature BC express _____ , if they recognize _____ they are eliminated by _______
IgM MHC clonal deletion
89
What cells are in what LN areas: Cortex Paracortex Sinus/medulla
BC TC DC, MP
90
Naïve TC use what to get to lymphoid tissue
Chemokine receptor 7
91
TH2 activate ___ to make ____
BC AB
92
Inductive cytokine of TH1 Th1 signature cytokine
IL-12 IFNy
93
Inductive cytokine of TH2 TH2 signature cytokines
IL4 IL4 IL5 IL12
94
TCR composition
Va, Vb - variable | Ca, Cb - constant
95
2 requirements for TC activation Binds what?
TCR CD4 or CD8 MHC with antigen

Perio Lecture Series (7 decks)

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