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Perio Lecture Series > 3 - Epidemiology, Indices > Flashcards

3 - Epidemiology, Indices Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology: The study of ____ and _____ in ______

A

Health
Disease
Populations

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2
Q

Epidemiology: Influenced by ______ (5 things)

A 
Heredity
Biology
Physical environment
Social environment
Personal behavior
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3
Q

Prevalence definition

A

Number of cases of a disease in a designated population at a given time

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4
Q

What type of data does prevalence look at

A

Cross-sectional

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5
Q

Incidence definition

A

Rate at which a certain event occurs

Number of new cases of a specific disease occurring in a population during a given period

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6
Q

What type of data does incidence look at

A

Longitudinal

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7
Q

Sensitivity definition

A

Proportion of truly diseased persons in a screened population who are identified as diseased by a screening test

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8
Q

Sensitivity is the ______ rate

A

True positive

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9
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

TP / (TP + FN)

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10
Q

Specificity definition

A

Proportion of truly nondiseased persons who are identified by screening test

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11
Q

Specificity is the _______ rate

A

True negative

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12
Q

Specificity formula

A

TN / (TN + FP)

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13
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Probability that the person with positive test is truly diseased

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14
Q

Increase specificity, increase/decrease ______

A

Increase PPV

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15
Q

Increase sensitivity, increase/decrease _____

A

Increase NPV

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16
Q

Plaque Index, by who/when

A

Loe 1967

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17
Q

Plaque index scores, descriptions

A

0 - no plaque
1 - plaque discovered with probe
2- visual plaque
3 - abundance of plaque

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18
Q

Plaque index # sites per tooth

A

4

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19
Q

Components of Oral Hygiene Index - Simplfied

A

Plaque
Calculus
Stain

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20
Q

Oral Hygiene Index scores, descriptions

A

0 - No debris/stain
1 - Soft debris less than 1/3 tooth surface OR extrinsic stain w/out debris
2 - Soft debris >1/3, <2/3 exposed tooth
3 - Soft debris >2/3 exposed tooth

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21
Q

Oral Hygiene Index used in conjunction w/ _____

A

Russell Periodontal Index

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22
Q

O’Leary Plaque index description

A

Examine all teeth and total surfaces with plaque to get % of surfaces

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23
Q

Ramfjord Teeth

A 
3
9
12
19
25
28
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24
Q

Navy Plaque Index teeth and # areas per teeth

A

3,9,12,19,25,28

9 areas of each tooth
Score 0 or 1

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25
W.H.O. index of choice
Turesky-Gilman-Glickman Modification of Quigley - Hein Plaque Index
26
Who came up with Navy Plaque Index
Elliott
27
WHO index scores 0-2
0 - No plaque 1 - Separate flecks of plaque at cervical 2 - Up to 1mm continuous plaque band
28
WHO index scores 3-5
3 - Plaque band >1mm, less than 1/3 surface 4 - Plaque band >1/3, <2/3 5 - Plaque band >2/3
29
Retention index scores
0 - No supraG roughness 1 - Caries/calculus supraG 2 - SubG roughness 3 - Gross roughness
30
Retention index by who
Loe 1967
31
Sulcular bleeding index scores
``` 0 - None 1 - Bleeding from gentle probe 2 - BOP + color change 3 - BOP + color change + edema 4 - BOP + color + big edema 5 - Spontaneous bleeding ```
32
Sulcular bleeding index teeth #'s and sites
#5-12 and #21-28 (NO MOLARS!) MDBL
33
Gingival Index scores
0 - no inflammation 1 - No BOP, slight color change 2 - BOP, redness 3 - Spontaneous bleeding
34
Gingival index by who
Loe 1967
35
Interdental bleeding index by who
Caton 1945
36
Interdental bleeding index description
Stim-U-Dent, insert and depress papilla 1-2mm X4. BOP in 15 seconds?
37
Periodontal Index by who
Russell
38
Periodontal Disease Index by who
Ramfjord
39
PDI Score 0-3
0 - No inflammation 1 - Localized mild/moderate inflammation 2 - Mild/moderate inflammation around tooth 3 - Severe gingivitis, spontaneous bleeding
40
PDI Score 4-6
4 - CAL <3mm 5 - CAL 4-6mm 6 - CAL >6mm
41
PDI sites on tooth PDI good for what type of study
Facial and mesial Longitudinal studies
42
PDI determines ___ and ____
Prevalence | Disease severity
43
WHO index of choice Sites used Overestimate? Underestimate?
Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) B, MB Overestimates, uses worst score within sextant
44
European and Japanese studies use this
Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
45
CPI characteristics
WHO probe Score 0-4
46
PSR Scores
``` 0 - Healthy 1 - BOP, no calculus. Black visible 2 - BOP w/ calculus, black visible 3 - Colored area partially colored 4 - Colored area completely gone ```
47
Developed historical model for periodontal diseases
Marshall-Day 1955
48
Assumptions of Marshall-Day 1955
Linear progression of disease GV --> ChP All people w/ equal risk
49
What does NHANES stand for
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
50
NHANES 1 years
1971-1974
51
NHANES used ____ exam
Periodontal index (visual exam, no probing)
52
NHANES III years
1988-1994
53
NHANES tested where/what?
Random max/man quadrant B, MB
54
NHANES III periodontitis overall prevalence, 3 severity's prevalence
35% overall 22% mild 10% moderate 3% advanced
55
NHANES III findings: Sex, age, racial
M > F Prevalence increases with age
56
Who calculated "true prevalence" of periodontitis and with what data
Albandar 2011 NHANES III + 2001-2004
57
True prevalence w/ inflation factor
48.2% overall prevalence 30% mild 13% moderate 4% severe
58
____ in _____ describes prevalence of periodontitis in the US for the years ___ - ____
Eke 2012 2009-2010
59
NHANES Severe PD definition
2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >6mm AL and 1 or more interproximal site w/ >5mm PD
60
NHANES Moderate PD definition
2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >4mm AL OR 2 or more interproximal site w/ >5mm PD
61
NHANES Mild PD definition
2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >3mm AL and 2 or more interproximal sites with >4mm PD OR one site with >5mm PD
62
NHANES overall prevalence + trends
47.2% prevalence Prevalence of total and moderate increases with age Males, Mexican-Americans, low SES, smokers
63
NHANES 2009-2012 prevalence
45.9%
64
Eke 2016 describes what
State and local level data Prevalence highest in New Mexico, lowest in Utah Severe periodontitis highest in Louisiana, lowest in New Hampshire
65
Natural History of Periodontal Disease in Man, author and year
Loe 1978
66
Norwegian findings
Ratio of perio destruction did not increase significantly with age Buccal surfaces greater attachment loss than interproximal Age 30 mean LOA = 1mm
67
Sri Lankan findings
Attachment loss 0.3mm/year Age 30 mean LOA = 3.1mm Interproximal attachment loss greater than buccal
68
Loe 1986 article describes 3 groups. Groups/attachment loss/prevalence?
Rapid 1.1mm/year 8% Moderate 0.05-0.5mm/year 81% No progression 0.05mm/year 11%
69
Loe 1986 tooth loss
RP: 0.4 teeth, all teeth lost by 45 MP: 0.01 teeth, lost 3-4 teeth NP: None
70
Risk Factor definition
Modifiable variable that increases probability
71
Risk factor implies ______ based on _____ studies
Causality Longitudinal
72
Risk factor examples
Oral hygiene level Pathogenic Smoking Systemic diseases
73
Risk Indicator definition
Potential risk factor
74
Risk indicator identified in _____ study, needs _____ study
Cross sectional Longitudinal/Case control
75
Risk indicator example
Osteoporosis | HIV
76
Risk marker/predictor definition
Associated with disease occurrence as a predictive factor
77
Risk marker examples
BOP History of periodontitis
78
Determinants definition
Associated with higher probability of disease, can't be modified
79
Determinant example
Age Gender Race Disease experience
80
Odds ratio definition
Number of times greater is the likelihood of developing disease

Perio Lecture Series (7 decks)

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