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Perio Lecture Series > 3 - Epidemiology, Indices > Flashcards

3 - Epidemiology, Indices Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology: The study of ____ and _____ in ______

A

Health
Disease
Populations

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2
Q

Epidemiology: Influenced by ______ (5 things)

A 
Heredity
Biology
Physical environment
Social environment
Personal behavior
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3
Q

Prevalence definition

A

Number of cases of a disease in a designated population at a given time

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4
Q

What type of data does prevalence look at

A

Cross-sectional

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5
Q

Incidence definition

A

Rate at which a certain event occurs

Number of new cases of a specific disease occurring in a population during a given period

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6
Q

What type of data does incidence look at

A

Longitudinal

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7
Q

Sensitivity definition

A

Proportion of truly diseased persons in a screened population who are identified as diseased by a screening test

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8
Q

Sensitivity is the ______ rate

A

True positive

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9
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

TP / (TP + FN)

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10
Q

Specificity definition

A

Proportion of truly nondiseased persons who are identified by screening test

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11
Q

Specificity is the _______ rate

A

True negative

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12
Q

Specificity formula

A

TN / (TN + FP)

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13
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Probability that the person with positive test is truly diseased

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14
Q

Increase specificity, increase/decrease ______

A

Increase PPV

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15
Q

Increase sensitivity, increase/decrease _____

A

Increase NPV

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16
Q

Plaque Index, by who/when

A

Loe 1967

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17
Q

Plaque index scores, descriptions

A

0 - no plaque
1 - plaque discovered with probe
2- visual plaque
3 - abundance of plaque

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18
Q

Plaque index # sites per tooth

A

4

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19
Q

Components of Oral Hygiene Index - Simplfied

A

Plaque
Calculus
Stain

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20
Q

Oral Hygiene Index scores, descriptions

A

0 - No debris/stain
1 - Soft debris less than 1/3 tooth surface OR extrinsic stain w/out debris
2 - Soft debris >1/3, <2/3 exposed tooth
3 - Soft debris >2/3 exposed tooth

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21
Q

Oral Hygiene Index used in conjunction w/ _____

A

Russell Periodontal Index

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22
Q

O’Leary Plaque index description

A

Examine all teeth and total surfaces with plaque to get % of surfaces

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23
Q

Ramfjord Teeth

A 
3
9
12
19
25
28
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24
Q

Navy Plaque Index teeth and # areas per teeth

A

3,9,12,19,25,28

9 areas of each tooth
Score 0 or 1

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25
Q

W.H.O. index of choice

A

Turesky-Gilman-Glickman Modification of Quigley - Hein Plaque Index

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26
Q

Who came up with Navy Plaque Index

A

Elliott

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27
Q

WHO index scores 0-2

A

0 - No plaque
1 - Separate flecks of plaque at cervical
2 - Up to 1mm continuous plaque band

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28
Q

WHO index scores 3-5

A

3 - Plaque band >1mm, less than 1/3 surface
4 - Plaque band >1/3, <2/3
5 - Plaque band >2/3

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29
Q

Retention index scores

A

0 - No supraG roughness
1 - Caries/calculus supraG
2 - SubG roughness
3 - Gross roughness

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30
Q

Retention index by who

A

Loe 1967

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31
Q

Sulcular bleeding index scores

A 
0 - None
1 - Bleeding from gentle probe
2 - BOP + color change
3 - BOP + color change + edema
4 - BOP + color + big edema
5 - Spontaneous bleeding
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32
Q

Sulcular bleeding index teeth #’s and sites

A

5-12 and #21-28 (NO MOLARS!)

MDBL

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33
Q

Gingival Index scores

A

0 - no inflammation
1 - No BOP, slight color change
2 - BOP, redness
3 - Spontaneous bleeding

34
Q

Gingival index by who

A

Loe 1967

35
Q

Interdental bleeding index by who

A

Caton 1945

36
Q

Interdental bleeding index description

A

Stim-U-Dent, insert and depress papilla 1-2mm X4. BOP in 15 seconds?

37
Q

Periodontal Index by who

A

Russell

38
Q

Periodontal Disease Index by who

A

Ramfjord

39
Q

PDI Score 0-3

A

0 - No inflammation
1 - Localized mild/moderate inflammation
2 - Mild/moderate inflammation around tooth
3 - Severe gingivitis, spontaneous bleeding

40
Q

PDI Score 4-6

A

4 - CAL <3mm
5 - CAL 4-6mm
6 - CAL >6mm

41
Q

PDI sites on tooth

PDI good for what type of study

A

Facial and mesial

Longitudinal studies

42
Q

PDI determines ___ and ____

A

Prevalence

Disease severity

43
Q

WHO index of choice

Sites used

Overestimate? Underestimate?

A

Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)

B, MB

Overestimates, uses worst score within sextant

44
Q

European and Japanese studies use this

A

Community Periodontal Index (CPI)

45
Q

CPI characteristics

A

WHO probe

Score 0-4

46
Q

PSR Scores

A 
0 - Healthy
1 - BOP, no calculus. Black visible
2 - BOP w/ calculus, black visible
3 - Colored area partially colored
4 - Colored area completely gone
47
Q

Developed historical model for periodontal diseases

A

Marshall-Day 1955

48
Q

Assumptions of Marshall-Day 1955

A

Linear progression of disease

GV –> ChP

All people w/ equal risk

49
Q

What does NHANES stand for

A

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

50
Q

NHANES 1 years

A

1971-1974

51
Q

NHANES used ____ exam

A

Periodontal index (visual exam, no probing)

52
Q

NHANES III years

A

1988-1994

53
Q

NHANES tested where/what?

A

Random max/man quadrant

B, MB

54
Q

NHANES III periodontitis overall prevalence, 3 severity’s prevalence

A

35% overall

22% mild
10% moderate
3% advanced

55
Q

NHANES III findings: Sex, age, racial

A

M > F

Prevalence increases with age

56
Q

Who calculated “true prevalence” of periodontitis and with what data

A

Albandar 2011

NHANES III + 2001-2004

57
Q

True prevalence w/ inflation factor

A

48.2% overall prevalence
30% mild
13% moderate
4% severe

58
Q

____ in _____ describes prevalence of periodontitis in the US for the years ___ - ____

A

Eke
2012
2009-2010

59
Q

NHANES Severe PD definition

A

2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >6mm AL and 1 or more interproximal site w/ >5mm PD

60
Q

NHANES Moderate PD definition

A

2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >4mm AL OR 2 or more interproximal site w/ >5mm PD

61
Q

NHANES Mild PD definition

A

2 or more interproximal sites on different teeth with >3mm AL and 2 or more interproximal sites with >4mm PD OR one site with >5mm PD

62
Q

NHANES overall prevalence + trends

A

47.2% prevalence

Prevalence of total and moderate increases with age

Males, Mexican-Americans, low SES, smokers

63
Q

NHANES 2009-2012 prevalence

A

45.9%

64
Q

Eke 2016 describes what

A

State and local level data

Prevalence highest in New Mexico, lowest in Utah

Severe periodontitis highest in Louisiana, lowest in New Hampshire

65
Q

Natural History of Periodontal Disease in Man, author and year

A

Loe

1978

66
Q

Norwegian findings

A

Ratio of perio destruction did not increase significantly with age

Buccal surfaces greater attachment loss than interproximal

Age 30 mean LOA = 1mm

67
Q

Sri Lankan findings

A

Attachment loss 0.3mm/year

Age 30 mean LOA = 3.1mm

Interproximal attachment loss greater than buccal

68
Q

Loe 1986 article describes 3 groups. Groups/attachment loss/prevalence?

A

Rapid 1.1mm/year 8%

Moderate 0.05-0.5mm/year 81%

No progression 0.05mm/year 11%

69
Q

Loe 1986 tooth loss

A

RP: 0.4 teeth, all teeth lost by 45

MP: 0.01 teeth, lost 3-4 teeth

NP: None

70
Q

Risk Factor definition

A

Modifiable variable that increases probability

71
Q

Risk factor implies ______ based on _____ studies

A

Causality

Longitudinal

72
Q

Risk factor examples

A

Oral hygiene level
Pathogenic
Smoking
Systemic diseases

73
Q

Risk Indicator definition

A

Potential risk factor

74
Q

Risk indicator identified in _____ study, needs _____ study

A

Cross sectional

Longitudinal/Case control

75
Q

Risk indicator example

A

Osteoporosis

HIV

76
Q

Risk marker/predictor definition

A

Associated with disease occurrence as a predictive factor

77
Q

Risk marker examples

A

BOP

History of periodontitis

78
Q

Determinants definition

A

Associated with higher probability of disease, can’t be modified

79
Q

Determinant example

A

Age
Gender
Race
Disease experience

80
Q

Odds ratio definition

A

Number of times greater is the likelihood of developing disease

Perio Lecture Series (7 decks)

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