6) Health Promotion

Question 1

What are the determinants of health?

Answer 1

Physical
Social and economic
Individual genetics and behaviour

Question 2

What are the 7 principles of health promotion?

SEMHIPE

Answer 2

Sustainable 
Empowering 
Multi-strategy 
Holistic 
Intersectoral 
Participating 
Equitable

Question 3

What are the aims of Public Health England?

Answer 3

Empower local communities and unleash new evidence based ideas

Question 4

What are the structural critiques of health promotion?

Answer 4

Neglects wider constraints on individual (social, political), too much emphasis on behaviour and victim blaming

Question 5

What are the surveillance critiques of health promotion?

Answer 5

Monitoring and regulating population

Question 6

What are the consumption critiques of health promotion?

Answer 6

Privileges the wealthy

Question 7

What is the behaviour change approach to health promotion?

Answer 7

Advertisement, theories of health behaviour, help people to make a change e.g. ask, advise, act

Question 8

What is the educational approach to health promotion?

Answer 8

Providing information about effects of a health related behaviour

Question 9

What is the empowerment approach to health promotion?

Answer 9

Patient-centred, what they want to achieve/change

Question 10

What is the social change approach to health promotion?

Answer 10

e.g. smoking ban. Tries to create a new social norm with negative behaviour being deviance from norm

Question 11

What is primary prevention?

Give examples

Answer 11

Prevent onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure to risk factors
e.g. immunisation, education on how diseases spread

Question 12

What is secondary prevention?

Give examples

Answer 12

Detect and treat a disease a early stage

e.g. screening

Question 13

What is tertiary prevention?

Give examples

Answer 13

Minimise effects of established disease

e.g. palliative

Question 14

What are some of the dilemmas of health promotion?

Answer 14

Ethics of interfering in people's lives
Victim blaming
'Fallacy of empowerment'
Reinforcing negative stereotypes
Aim at women in families 
Prevention paradox

Question 15

What is evaluation?

Answer 15

Rigorous and systematic collection of data to assess the effectiveness of a programme in achieving predetermined objectives

Question 16

Why do we need to evaluate?

Answer 16

Evidence based interventions
Accountability - legitimacy and political support
Ensure no harm and not wasting resources

Question 17

What is process evaluation?

Answer 17

Assessing process of programme implementation, how it is being delivered and received. Qualitative methods e.g. interviews

Question 18

What is impact evaluation?

Answer 18

Assesses immediate effects of intervention e.g. behaviour, attitudes and knowledge change
Need baseline data prior to implementation

Question 19

What is outcome evaluation?

Answer 19

Long term consequences. Measures what is achieved e.g. improvement in life, reduction in symptoms

Question 20

Why does timing need to be considered in outcome evaluation?

Answer 20

Delay: some interventions take a long time to have an effect
Decay: some interventions wear off rapidly e.g. hard hitting campaigns

Question 21

What are the difficulties of evaluation?

Answer 21

Possible lag time to effect
Confounding factors e.g. multiple interventions
High cost