6 - Foreign Policy

Question 0

When was the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 0

June 1815

Question 1

What were Britain’s main concerns in their Foreign Policy?

Answer 1

Balance of power, trade, navy, slavery, peace

Question 2

What did Castlereagh say about his objectives at Vienna?

Answer 2

‘It is not our aim to collect trophies but to try, if we can, to bring the world back to peaceful habits’

Question 3

What were the ‘evils’ Castlereagh refered to, that challenged monarchies?

Answer 3

Liberalism and nationalism

Question 4

When was the French monarchy restored?

Answer 4

1814

Question 5

Who was on the French throne after Napoleon fled to Elba?

Answer 5

Louis XVIII

Question 6

How did Castlereagh disagree with Prussia and Russia regarding France?

Answer 6

Prussia and Russia wanted France to pay for the Napoleonic wars, whereas Britain was against this as Castlereagh said it would unsettle the country

Question 7

What was the result of Vienna for France?

Answer 7

Kept it’s pre-war frontiers and forced to accept an army of occupation. Expected to pay 700million francs by the Second Peace of Paris in November 1815

Question 8

What was the result of Vienna for Austria?

Answer 8

Strengthened by gaining Lombardy and Venetia. Also recieved Salzburg, Tyrol and Galicia

Question 9

What was the result of Vienna for Prussia?

Answer 9

Lost part of Poland to Russia, but compensated with the Grand Dutchy of Warsaw (Posen) and Danzig

Question 10

What was the result of Vienna for Russia?

Answer 10

Received Grand Dutchy of Poland, also gained a part of Finland from Sweden

Question 11

What was the result of Vienna for Britain?

Answer 11

Kept Malta, Heligoland and some Dutch colonies including Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and the Cape of Good Hope

Question 12

What was formed to take place of the Holy Roman Empire?

Answer 12

German Confederation, maded up of 39 states

Question 13

What was the result of Vienna for Sweden?

Answer 13

Kept Norway (which it gained from Denmark in the Treaty of Kiel in 1814), however Norway was given a separate constitution

Question 14

When was the Quadruple Alliance signed?

Answer 14

November 1815

Question 15

When was the Congress of Aix La Chapelle

Answer 15

September 1818

Question 16

What happened at Aix la Chapelle?

Answer 16

Tsar wanted an agreement that would allow intervention in countries if there was a revolution - opposed by Castlereagh. France admitted to alliance (now Quintuple) and army occupation of France withdrawn

Question 17

When was Congress of Troppau?

Answer 17

1820

Question 18

Who refused to sign the Troppau Protocol and what did this lead to?

Answer 18

Castlereagh, led to state paper in 1820

Question 19

What was state paper?

Answer 19

Document send to British Ambassadors worldwide explaining Castlereagh’s belief that there should only be foreign intervention in the interest of European peace

Question 20

When was the Congress of Laibach?

Answer 20

1821

Question 21

Who did Castlereagh send to Laibach?

Answer 21

Half brother Lord Stewart - Castlereagh didn’t attend

Question 22

What was Castlereagh worried about during Laibach?

Answer 22

Russia could intervene in Greece, then threaten the Ottoman Empire, which would pose a threat to Britain

Question 23

When was the Congress of Verona?

Answer 23

1822

Question 24

What happened during Verona?

Answer 24

Castlereagh opposed intervention in Spain and Greece, supported by Austria. Castlereagh died. Decided to send French army to Spain

Question 25

How did Castlereagh improve relations with America?

Answer 25

Negotiated end of war with them in 1812, agreed on USA/Canada border on 49th parallel, played down incidences in Spanish Florida which could have led to war, made agreements over Newfoundland and the Great lakes

Question 26

When did events in Portugal take place?

Answer 26

1820-27

Question 27

When did Miguel attempt to overthrow the constitution in Portugal?

Answer 27

1823

Question 28

Why was Canning worried about Miguel overthrowing the constitution?

Answer 28

As he had Spanish support - could be a Spanish puppet on the Portuguese throne

Question 29

When were British troops sent to Portugal?

Answer 29

9th December 1826

Question 30

When did France restore King Ferdinand in Spain?

Answer 30

April 23rd 1823

Question 31

When was the Polignac Memorandum and what did it mean?

Answer 31

1823, meant that France wouldn't interfere with British trade in Latin America

Question 32

When did the USA issue the Monroe Doctine?

Answer 32

1823

Question 33

When did Britain recognise the independence of Columbia, Mexico and La Plata (Argentina)?

Answer 33

1824

Question 34

What happened on Easter Sunday 1821?

Answer 34

Turkish massacre of Greek Christians and murder of the Patriach of Constantinople

Question 35

When was the Greek Revolt?

Answer 35

1822

Question 36

When was the Protocol of St Petersburg signed?

Answer 36

1826

Question 37

What was the Protocol of St Petersburg?

Answer 37

UK and USSR offered mediation to Turks as long as they let Greece have self-governing powers

Question 38

When was the Treaty of London and what did it mean?

Answer 38

1827, confirmed the Treaty of St Petersburg

Question 39

What happened when Turks rejected the treaty of London?

Answer 39

USSR and British troops sent

Question 40

When did USSR/British troops crush Turkish/Egyptian troops at Navarino Bay?

Answer 40

October 26th 1827

Question 41

What did the Adrianople Treaty in 1829 mean?

Answer 41

Russia gained Danubian areas and around the Black Sea

Question 42

When was Greece officially independent?

Answer 42

November 1830

Question 43

Why was Palmerston worried about the situation in Belgium?

Answer 43

French intervention

Question 44

What did British and French troops do upon intervention in 1830?

Answer 44

Expelled Dutch troops from Antwerp

Question 45

When was Belgium accepted as an independent state?

Answer 45

1839 at the Treaty of Lodnon

Question 46

Who challenged Isabella in Spain?

Answer 46

Don Carlos

Question 47

Who challenged Maria in Portugal?

Answer 47

Don Miguel

Question 48

How did Palmerston overcome the worry of French intervention in Portugal?

Answer 48

Created Quadruple alliance of Britain, France, Portugal and Spain in 1834

Question 49

When was Don Miguel expelled from Portugal?

Answer 49

1834

Question 50

When was Don Carlos expelled from Spain?

Answer 50

1839

Question 51

Why was Palmerston unable to intervene in the Near East Crisis of 1831-33

Answer 51

Preoccupied with Reform Bill crisis and the Belgian dispute

Question 52

When did the Egyptian army defeat the Turks in Konieh?

Answer 52

1832

Question 53

How many troops and ships did the Russia give to the Sultan of Turkey?

Answer 53

30k troops ad four ships

Question 54

When was the Treaty of Unikar Sklessi signed?

Answer 54

1833

Question 55

When did Britain sign the Trade Convention with Turkey?

Answer 55

1838

Question 56

When was the Straights convention and what did it do?

Answer 56

July 1841, cancelled privileges of Unkiar Sklessi

Question 57

When did the Turks launch an invasion to recapture Syria?

Answer 57

1839

Question 58

What did Palmerston regard Ali as?

Answer 58

A mere criminal

Question 59

When was the Treaty of London signed and what did it do?

Answer 59

1840, demanded Ali's withdrawal of troops from Syria

Question 60

When did Ali change his mind about rejecting the Treaty of London?

Answer 60

December 1840, when Acre on Syrian coast was captured and Alexandria was bombarded by a British fleet

Question 61

Why did the Opium War start?

Answer 61

East India company seized opium in Guandong

Question 62

What did Palmerston see China as?

Answer 62

An untapped market for British trade

Question 63

What were the results of the Treaty of Nanking? (signed after Palmerston left office)

Answer 63

Britain gained Hong Kong, British trade allowed at six ports in china (including Guandong, Shanghai, Amoy and Foochow), £6 million compensation paid to Britain