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6. Exchange Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Name three components of the tracheal system in insects?

A

spiracles, trachea, tracheoles

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2
Q

Name two components of the gas exchange system in gills of a fish?

A

gill filaments, lamelle

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3
Q

By what principle do fish exchange gases in their gills?

A

counter current mechanism

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4
Q

define dicotyledonous?

A

a plant in which the seed has two embryonic leaves

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5
Q

name three components of the leaves of dicotyledonous plants involved in gas exchange?

A

stomata, guard cells, mesophyll cells

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6
Q

how do xerophytic plants limit water loss?

A 
waxy cuticle
hairy leaves
curled shape
sunken stomata in pits
reduced SA:vol ratio of leaves
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7
Q

how do insects balance the need for gas exchange with the need to limit water loss?

A

in dry conditions spiracles close to limit water loss

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8
Q

what reaction occurs in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones?

A

hydrolysis

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9
Q

why must molecules be made smaller to allow digestion?

A

to allow them to pass through cell membranes

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10
Q

what two enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

amylase and membrane bound dissacharidases

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11
Q

which enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

lipases

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12
Q

explain how bile salts aid with the digestion of lipids?

A

bile salts emulsify lipids into micelles.

This increases surface area for lipases to act upon

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13
Q

which three enzymes break down proteins?

A

endopeptidases
exopeptidases
depeptidises

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14
Q

How do endopeptidases carry out their function?

A

endopeptidases attack anywhere along polypeptide chain, apart from the ends.

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15
Q

how do exopeptidases carry out their function?

A

attack ends of polypeptide chain

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16
Q

how do depeptidises carry out their function?

A

break down dipeptides into single amino acids.

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17
Q

where in mammals does absorption occur?

A

illeum

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18
Q

what mechanism permits absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides?

A

co-transport

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19
Q

state the equation for cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

what is digestion?

A

physical breakdown and chemical digestion

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21
Q

what type of digestion does salivary amylase aid?

A

hydrolysis of starch to maltose

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22
Q

where is salivary amylase produced?

A

produced by the salivary glands

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23
Q

what feature allows salivary amylase to maintain a neutral PH?

A

contains mineral salts

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24
Q

what type of digestion does pancreatic amylase aid?`

A

hydrolysis of starch to maltose

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25
where is pancreatic amylase produced?
produced by the pancreas
26
what feature allows pancreatic amylase to maintain a neutral PH?
alkaline salts
27
what type of digestion does maltase aid?
hydrolysis of maltose to alpha glucose
28
where is maltase produced?
produced by the epithelial lining of the ileum.
29
where can maltase be found?
in the cell surface membrane of epithelial cells in the ileum
30
what type of digestion does sucrase aid?
hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose
31
where is sucrase produced?
produced by the epithelial lining of the ileum of the small intestine
32
where can sucrase be found?
in the cell surface membrane of epithelial cells in the ileum
33
what type of digestion does lactase aid?
hydrolysis of of lactose to glucose and galactose
34
where is lactase produced?
produced by the epithelial lining of the ileum.
35
where can lactase be found?
in the cell surface membrane of epithelial cells in the ileum
36
what type of digestion does lipase aid?
hydrolysis of lipids (triglycerides) to fatty acids and monoglycerides
37
How does the hydrolysis of lipids with the enzyme lipase occur?
Bile salts from the liver split lipids into tiny droplets (micelles) This emulsification increases the surface area to speed up lipid hydrolysis in ileum.
38
what type of digestion do endopeptidases aid? how?
hydrolysis of peptide bonds between amino acids in central region of protein acts in central region of protein to make smaller peptide molecules
39
Where are endopeptidases produced? and by what?
Produced in the stomach | By chief cells in gastric pits
40
what type of digestion do exopeptidases aid? how?
hydrolysis of peptide bonds on the terminal amino acids | duodenum acts on terminal amino acids of peptides to make dipeptides and single amino acids
41
where are exopeptidases produced?
produced by the pancreas
42
what type of digestion do dipeptidases aid? how?
hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in dipeptides | membrane bound enzymes in epithelial cells of ileum result in single amino acids
43
where can dipeptidases be found?
in the cell surface membrane of epithelial cells in the ileum
44
list the order in which air passes before entering the lungs.
pharynx , larynx , trachea
45
Gas exchange in single-cell organisms and insects, explain how and why they do it this way.
oxygen is absorbed by diffusion across their body surface which is covered by only a cell surface membrane. In the same way, co2 diffuses out. these organisms are small and therefore have a large sa:vol ratio
46
How does an insect get oxygen into its cells at rest?
spiracles allow gasses to diffuse into the trachea, down the concentration gradient air diffuses directly down through tracheoles into cells tracheoles have some water at their base which the gases dissolve into and out of during exchange constant respiration means concentration gradient for both co2 and oxygen are maintained
47
How does an insect get oxygen into its cells when more is required, e.g when exercising intensely
lactate lowers the water potential of cells water moves into cells via osmosis water in ends of tracheoles decreases in volume and draws o2 in. this means diffusion can happen in a gas phase as opposed to liquid phase and therefore occurs at a greater rate
48
how does an insect get oxygen into its cells if it needs to conserve water/water loss
closes spiracles to prevent water loss through evaporation. air sacs filled during rest periods act as an oxygen reserve and allows respiration to be maintained, some spiracles are opened to allow co2 out.
49
do insects have a circulatory system?
no
50
describe how oxygen in the air reaches capillaries surrounding alveoli in the lungs. details of breathing are not required
- trachea and bronchia and bronchioles - down pressure gradient - down diffusion gradient - across alveolar epithelium - across capillary endothelium
51
explain the absorption of triglycerides.
Bile salts emulsify the lipid droplets into micelles Micelles come into contact with epithelial cells lining the villi of the ileum Micelles break down, releasing monoglycerides and fatty acids Monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse into epithelial cells Monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to endoplasmic reticulum and recombined into triglycerides Triglycerides associate with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons in endoplasmic reticulum and then in golgi apparatus Chylomicrons move out of epithelial cells by exocytosis and enter lymphatic capillaries called lacteals in each villus Chylomicrons then pass into the blood system where the triglycerides are hydrolysed by an enzymes from where they diffuse into cells.
52
explain how starch is digested to glucose.
saliva enters the mouth saliva containing salivary amylase from salivary glands breaks down starch into maltose food passes into stomach stomach acid conditions denatures salivary amylase food passes into small intestine pancreatic juice containing pancreatic amylase hydrolyses any remaining starch to maltose disaccharide bound carbohydrase called maltose found in epithelial lining of ileum maltose causes hydrolysis of maltose to alpha-glucose
53
what features allow fish to perform sufficient gas exchange?
gill lamellae provide a large surface area gills have a rich blood supply counter current flow maintains a favourable concentration gradient for oxygen across entire gas exchange surface
54
In what order are a fish's gills composed
gill --> gill filaments --> gill lamellae
55
explain the importance of the counter-current flow principle in fish
in order for efficient gas exchange to take place. at all times a diffusion gradient exists across the entire width of the lamellae to enable oxygen to move from the water into the blood. equilibrium is never reached and a diffusion gradient exists at all times allowing oxygen to move from the water into the blood. volume of o2 is always higher than blood
56
what are the essential features of gas exchange surfaces?
``` large surface area to volume ratio very thin partially permeable movement of external medium movement of internal medium ```
57
Why is it essential for a gas exchange surface to have a large surface area to volume ratio?
the rate of gas exchange occurs at a faster rate because of the large surface area
58
Why is it essential for a gas exchange surface to be very thin?
short diffusion pathway | therefore gas exchange occurs at a faster rate
59
Why is it essential for a gas exchange surface to be partially permeable?
to allow selected molecules to diffuse easily
60
Why is it essential for a gas exchange surface to have an efficient movement of external medium?
to maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion to occur
61
Why is it essential for a gas exchange surface to have an efficient movement of internal medium?
to maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion to occur

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