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FCP > 6. Diagnostics > Flashcards

6. Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the ‘quality’ of an X-ray beam

A

Penetrating power of the beam

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2
Q

What is meant by the ‘intensity’ of an X-ray beam

A

Amount of radiation in the beam

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3
Q

What of quality and/or intensity does changing kV affect

A

Quality and intensity

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4
Q

What of quality and/or intensity does changing mA affect

A

Intensity only

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5
Q

List the radiographic process

A

Positioning
Centring
Collimation
Exposure factors
Labelling
Artefacts

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6
Q

Give 3 ways scattered radiation and be reduced

A

Good collimation
Low kV
Using radiographic grid if required

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7
Q

How is an image formed by ultrasound scanner

A

Reflection of the sounds at tissue boundaries

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8
Q

What is the goal of radiography

A

Gain a diagnostic image

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9
Q

How do we get around the fact that radiography is taking a 2D image of a 3D structure

A

We take orthogonal views (90 degrees to each other)

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10
Q

What does good positioning of the animal achieve for radiography

A

Accurately represents the anatomy
Minimises distortion and magnification

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11
Q

How is good positioning achieved in radiography

A

Having the area of interest as close to the plate as possible
The area of interest must be central, parallel to the plate and perpendicular to the beam

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12
Q

Why do we collimate a radiographic image

A

Radiation safety
Reduces scatter and improves image

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13
Q

How to have correct exposure for a radiograph

A

mAs and kV correct
use an exposure chart

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14
Q

How to label a radiographic image

A

L/R markers used in the image
Digitally label with the date, patient name etc

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15
Q

Give examples of difficulties when radiographing large animals

A

Conscious standing animal
Need a machine operator, plate holder and animal handler
Often done at client premises
Use of horizontal beam requires careful attention to safety, planning and good technique

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16
Q

Give a risk of using horizontal radiography beam

A

Higher exposures as beam has to travel further therefore more scatter

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17
Q

What is the inverse square law when referring to radiography

A

Strength of X-ray beam is inversely proportional to square of distance from source

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18
Q

Name the oblique views used in large animal radiography

A

Dorsolateral palmaromedial oblique
Dorsomedial palmerolateral oblique

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19
Q

How do you make large animal radiography as safe as possible

A

Use of protective clothing
Plate holder so you aren’t in primary beam
Controlled area with minimal people present

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20
Q

Why are X-rays dangerous

A

They are ionising radiation
Can affect your atoms and DNA - mutations
Penetrating so can pass through objects

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21
Q

4 ways we achieve As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) - as the radiographer

A

Working practices
Amount of radiation used
Distance
Shielding

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22
Q

Give examples of working practices used to achieve ALARP

A

Using sedation or GA to minimise handling of the patient
Having a controlled area with signage and warning lights to prevent entry when active
Local rules set by RPA and monitored by RPS

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23
Q

Give examples of how amounts of radiation is used to achieve ALARP

A

Collimation centring, positioning, labelling and reducing artefacts so repeat exposures are not required
Using best settings for mAs and kV to give good quality image but the minimum radiation

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24
Q

Give examples of how distances are used to achieve ALARP

A

Inverse square law

25
Q

Give examples of shielding used to achieve ALARP

A

Lead
Gowns gloves, thyroid protectors
Portable shields
Lead lines walls and doors of the xray room

26
Q

Why is remote anaesthesia required during imaging

A

MRI and CT require periods of time where the animal is left unsupervised
Need to ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia and the ability to monitor from afar

27
Q

Give examples of appropriate restraint for animals during an ultrasound

A

Large animals - standing in stocks/stalls
Small animals can lie in recumbency
Consider need for analgesia, sedation or anaesthesia

28
Q

How can you prep the animal to make sure the sound can penetrate into the tissue for an ultrasound

A

Clip hair
Remove dirt and skin oil using alcohol
Apply ultrasound gel
ensure contact between transducer and skin

29
Q

How to move superficial structures further away from the transducer for an ultrasound

A

Gel standoff’s

30
Q

What is the correct frequency to select for different structures - eye vs pregnancy diagnosis

A

examples
Eye - 10 MHz, high resolution, low penetration
pregnancy diagnosis - 3MHz low resolution but good penetration

31
Q

What 3 things should you comment on when doing an imaging report

A

What have you got
What can you see
What does it mean

32
Q

If taking hip radiographs for BVA hip dysplasia scoring, how should the animal be positioned

A

Dorsal recumbency, legs pulled out straight, parallel to each other

33
Q

What 2 views do you need for hip dysplasia scoring

A

Ventrodorsal view and L or R lateral (affected side close to the plate)

34
Q

What are the 2 standard views for elbow scoring radiographs

A

Craniocaudal
Mediolateral
Both in neutral positions

35
Q

what 2 standard views for radiography of a dogs stifle

A

Lateral view - typically mediolateral
Caudocranial - dog in ventral recumbency with limb extended caudally

36
Q

Name the 4 common diseases associated with a dogs stifle

A

Joint effusion
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Chronic stifle arthritis
Oesteochondrosis

37
Q

What 2 views are commonly taken to look at a dogs shoulder

A

Lateral - medio lateral mostly
Caudocranial - dorsal recumbancy

38
Q

Name the 3 common diseases associated with a dogs shoulder

A

Medial shoulder luxation
Osteochondrosis
Chronic shoulder arthrosis

39
Q

What are the 2 problems with CT and radiography

A

radiation dosing
poor soft tissue resolution

40
Q

What are the 5 issues with MRI

A

Susceptible to movement
Poor bone detail
Metallic artefacts
Implanted medical devices may be destroyed
Not real time - takes 45min to get results

41
Q

What are the 2 types of +ve contrast media used in CT and radiography

A

Iodine
Barium

42
Q

What -ve contrast media is used in CT and radiography

A

Air

43
Q

What +ve contrast media is used in MRI scans

A

Gadolinium

44
Q

What -ve contrast media is used in MRI scans

A

air

45
Q

Give the main heath and safety issues with MRI and CT

A

CT - ionising radiation
MRI - strong magnetic fields

46
Q

what does endoscopy allow you to do

A

Look inside a body cavity or organ
Can obtain diagnostic samples e.g. fluid sampling, lavage, biopsies
Can enable a therapeutic procedure

47
Q

Give 3 examples of therapeutic procedures which can be done with an endoscope

A

Removal of foreign body
Management and oesophageal stricture
Placement of a gastric feeding tube

48
Q

what are the two types of endoscopes

A

Rigid
Flexible

49
Q

Give 3 broad examples of when we may used endoscopy

A

GI signs
Respiratory signs
Urinary signs

50
Q

Give 5 examples of when we may use endoscopy in horses

A

Suspected upper airway/laryngeal obstruction
Investigation of abnormal respiratory noise
Suspected lung disease
Gastric ulceration
Urinary tract disease

51
Q

What patient prep may be required for endoscopy

A

Empty GIT or enema if GI endoscopy

52
Q

What 3 things can go wrong in endoscopy and how to avoid

A

Aspiration => cuffed endotracheal tube
Damage to scope => mouth gag
GI perforation => never force the scope, always use plenty of lubrication

53
Q

what are the 2 types of flexible endoscopes

A

Fibreoptic endoscopes
Video endoscopes

54
Q

Name 3 limitations of flexible endoscopy

A

Scope may not be long enough
Small diameter scopes only allow small biopsy instruments
Biopsy channel needs to be approx. 2.8mm to be useful

55
Q

What are the positives of rigid endoscopes

A

Cheaper
Less prone to damage
Better image than flexible
allows larger instruments to be used

56
Q

What are the cons of rigid endoscopes

A

No flexibility => restricted access to some anatomical sites
Need additional equipment
Risk of damage and mucosal bleeding
Unable to manoeuvre around bends
Cannot inflate areas with air

57
Q

Give 4 examples of when you use rigid endoscopy

A

Rhinoscopy
Athroscopy
Cystoscopy in bitches
Laparoscopy

58
Q

What 4 things are you looking for in pleural ultrasounds

A

Glide sign
Comet tails or rockets
solid sections of lung
Fluid

59
Q

What will you see on pleural ultrasound if an animal has pneumothorax

A

Will see thicker parietal pleura
Line won’t glide

FCP (8 decks)

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