6. Development of Language and Symbol Use Flashcards
Phonemes
The smallest units of meaningful sound
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language
Syntax
Rules specifying how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) can be combined.
Pragmatics
Knowledge about how language is used.
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
The distinctive mode of speech used when speaking to infants and toddlers.
Prosody
The characteristic rhythm and intonational patterns with which a language is spoken
Word segmentation
Discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech.
Distributional properties
In any language, certain sounds are more likely to occur together than are others
Overextension
An overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word
Underextension
An overly narrow interpretation of the meaning of a word.
Pragmatic cues
Aspects of the social context used for word learning
Cross-situational word learning
Determining word meanings by tracking the correlations between labels and meanings across scenes and contexts
Syntactic bootstrapping
The strategy of using the grammatical structure of a sentence to infer the meaning of a new word.
Overregularization
Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
Collective monologues
Conversation between children that involves a series of non sequiturs
Narratives
Story-like structured descriptions of past events.
Universal grammar
A proposed set of highly abstract structures that are common to all languages (proposed by Chomsky).
Dual representation
Treating a symbolic artifact both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself.
Mapping
The process that allows children to learn words rapidly, by associating a word with a concept after experiencing it only once.
Telegraphic speech
Short utterances that leave out non-essential words (Andrew sleep)
Connectionism
A computational modeling approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units.
Perceptual narrowing
Utviklingsmessige forandringer hvor erfaringer finjusterer the perseptuelle systemet. Spedbarn fokuserer seg inn på lydene ved deres morsmål, ved rundt 12 mnd blir de mindre sensitive for forskjellene mellom lyder ikke tilhørende morsmålet.
