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Clinical Pathology > 6 Childhood viral vaccinations > Flashcards

6 Childhood viral vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

Which viral infections are notifiable diseases? (6).

A 
Acute meningitis.
Acute poliomyelitis.
Measles.
Mumps.
Rubella.
Smallpox.
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2
Q

Which virus causes measles?
Transmission?
Infectivity?
Incubation?

A

Paramyxovirus.
Droplet.
4 days before rash to 4 days after.
7-18 days

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3
Q

Clinical features of measles. (5).

Type of rash?

A

Rash + fever + cough/ coryza/ conjuctivitis.

Erythematous, maculopapular, head to trunk. Koplik’s spots (white, inside cheek) 1-2 days before rash.

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4
Q

Complications of measles. (5).

A 
Otitis media.
Pneumonia. 
Diarrhoea. 
Acute Encephalitis.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis- fatal 7-30yrs after.
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5
Q

How is measles diagnosed?
Treated?
Prevented?

A

Clinical, leukopenia, oral fluid sample, serology.
Supportive + ?antibiotics.
MMR vaccine live 1yr/preschool.

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6
Q

Which virus causes chickenpox?
Transmission?
Infectivity?
Incubation?

A

Varicella zoster.
Droplet.
2 days before rash until vesicles dry.
14-15 days

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7
Q

Clinical features of chickenpox. (3).

Type of rash?

A

Fever, malaise, anorexia.

Centripetal rash. Macular > papular > vesicle > pustular.

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8
Q

Complications of VZV? (6).

A 
Pneumonitis. 
CNS involvement. 
Thrombocytopenia purpora. 
Foetal varicella zoster syndrome. 
Congenital varicella. 
Shingles.
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9
Q

How is chickenpox diagnosed?

Treated?

A

Clinical. PCR.

Symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children. Acyclovir. Chlorpheniramine to relieve itch.

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10
Q

How is VZV prevented?

A

Vaccine - 2 live doses.
VZV immunoglobulin if significant exposure, immunocompromised/ pregnant/ neonate + no antibodies. Reduces infection or severity.

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11
Q

Which virus causes rubella?
Transmission?
Infectivity?
Incubation?

A

Togavirus.
Droplet.
1 week before rash, 4 days after.
14-21 days.

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12
Q

Clinical features of rubella.

Type of rash?

A

50% are asymptomatic.
Post auricular and sub occipital lymphadenopathy.
Transient and erythematous rash behind ears and on face/neck.

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13
Q

Complications of rubella? (3).

A

Thrombocytopenia.
Post infectious encephalitis.
Arthritis.

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14
Q

Effect of rubella in pregnancy? (7).

A

Congenital rubella syndrome.

Cataracts, deafness, abnormal heart, microcephaly, growth retardation, inflammatory lesions in organs.

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15
Q

Transmission risk of rubella in pregnancy?

A

Under 11 weeks: 90%
11-16 weeks: 20%
16-20 weeks: minimal risk, deafness only
20 weeks: no increased risk.

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16
Q

How is rubella diagnosed and treated?

A

IgM/G detectable from rash.
No Rx.
Immunoglobulin if pregnant.
Vaccine in MMR.

17
Q

Clinical features of Parovirus B19? (6).

A 
Minor respiratory. 
Slapped cheek. 
Arthralgia. 
Aplastic anaemia. 
Prolonged anaemia in immunocompromised.
18
Q

How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed and treated?

A

Serology IgM/G.

None. No vaccine.

19
Q

When is parvovirus B19 infectious?

A

Before the onset of rash.

20
Q

Enteroviral infections. Transmission route?
Symptoms?
Worst complication?

A

Facial oral or contact.
Fever and rashes.
Meningitis.

21
Q

What does respiratory syncytial virus cause?
How is it diagnosed?
What is the Rx?

A

Bronchiolitis in under 1’s.
PCR form aspirate.
O2, manage fever and fluid intake.

22
Q

What does metapneumovirus cause? Dx? Rx?

A

Respiratory illness (possible pneumonia).
PCR.
Supportive only.

23
Q

What does adenovirus cause? (3).
Dx?
Rx?

A

Mild URTI, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea (40/41 subtypes).
Respiratory/eye swab PCR.
Cidofovir in immunocompromised.

24
Q

What does parainfluenza cause? (3).
Transmission?
Dx?

A

Crops, bronchiolitis, URTI.
Droplet.
PCR.

25
Q

What does rhinovirus cause?

A

The common cold.

Mound in 70% of mild URTI symptoms.

26
Q 
Rotavirus: transmission? 
Incubation? 
Features? 
Rx? 
Prevention?
A 
Facial oral, occ respiratory.
1-2 days.
D+V.
Rehydration.
Oral live vaccine at 2+3months.
27
Q

How is norovirus spread?
Incidence of vomiting?
course of illness?

A

Foodbourne, person to person.
>50%.
12-60 hours.

28
Q

How is mumps spread?
Infectivity?
Incubation?

A

Direct, droplet, fomites.
Days before parotid swelling and after.
2-4 weeks.

29
Q

How does mumps usually progress?

A

Nonspecific prodrome.
24hrs - earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid.
2-3 days - enlarging and painful parotid.
Pyrexia up to 40oC.
Rapid resolution.

30
Q

What are rare manifestations of mumps? (5).

A 
Sialadenitis. 
Oophoritis. 
Meningitis. 
Encephalitis. 
Pancreatitis.
31
Q

How is mumps diagnosed?

A

Clinically.

Raised serum amylase. Normal WCC.

32
Q

What does toxoplasma cause congenitally? (2).

A

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephaly.

33
Q

What are the most common extra-salivary manifestations of mumps? (2).

A

Epidiymo-orchitis.

CNS.

Clinical Pathology (66 decks)

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