35 Intro to haematology

Question 1

Describe the properties of a haemopoetic stem cell: (4).

Answer 1

Differential potential for all lineages.
High proliferative potential.
Long term activity throughout lifespan.
Self renewal.

Question 2

Describe the four fates of a haemopoetic stem cell.

Answer 2

Symmetric self renewal: no progeny differentiation.
Asymmetric self renewal: 50% progeny differentiation.
Lack of self renewal: all progeny differentiate.
Lack of self renewal: no progeny.

Question 3

Which blood cells are of myeloid lineage?

Answer 3

Granulocytes.
Erythrocytes.
Platelets.

Question 4

Which blood cells are of lymphoid lineage?

Answer 4

B-lymphocytes.

T-lymphocytes.

Question 5

When does heamopoesis start?

Answer 5

Day 9 of the trophoblast.

Question 6

When does foetal haemopoesis start for the second time?

Describe the process.

Answer 6

Day 27 in the gonadal mesonephros region.

Expands rapidly after day 35, disappears at day 40 when cells migrate to liver.

Question 7

Describe the lifespan and shape of red blood cells.

Answer 7

120 days.

Biconcave discs 7.5µM diameter.

Question 8

When does relative polycythaemia occur?

Answer 8

When plasma volume is reduced.

Question 9

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 9

Eosinophils.
Basophils.
Neutrophils.

Question 10

Which type of white cell is the most common in adult blood?

Lifespan?

Answer 10

Neutrophils.

Hours.

Question 11

Which blood cell is part of the primitive immune system?

Answer 11

Basophils.

Question 12

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 12

Phagocytes.

Antigen presenting cells.

Question 13

What are the other names for monocytes? (3)

Answer 13

Macrophages/histiocytes when in tissue.
Kupffer cells in liver.
Langerhaan cells in skin.

Question 14

What are the four types of lymphocytes?

Answer 14

Natural killer cells.
B lymphocytes.
T lymphocytes.
Plasma cells.

Question 15

What is the simple function of NK cells?

Answer 15

Recognise non self cells.

Question 16

Simply, what are B lymphocytes involved in?

Answer 16

Adaptive/humoral immunity.

Question 17

Simply, what are the function of T lymphocytes? (4)

Answer 17

Adaptive immune system.
Target cytotoxicity.
Regulate immune response.
Interact with B cells and macrophages.

Question 18

What are platelets derived from?

Answer 18

Bone marrow megakaryocytes.

Question 19

What does a full blood count include?

Answer 19

Haemoglobin concentration.
Mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin.
White cell count.
Platelet count.

Question 20

Where is a bone marrow aspirate taken from?

Answer 20

Posterior iliac crest of the pelvis.

Question 21

What percentage of results fall within reference ranges?

Answer 21

95%.

Question 22

What are the causes of microcytic hypo chromic anaemia? (5).

Answer 22

Iron deficiency.
Thalassaemia.
Lead poisoning.
Deficiency of chronic disease (some).
Sideroblastic anaemia (some).

Question 23

What causes normocytic normochromic anaemia? (6).

Answer 23

Haemolytic anaemia.
Anaemia of chronic disease (some).
Acute blood loss.
Renal disease.
Mixed deficiencies.
Bone marrow failure.

Question 24

What causes microcytic anaemia? (4,2)

Answer 24

Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia.
Megaloblastic: vit B12/folate deficiency.