6. Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
Causes of enlarged cardiac silhouette (+mc)
Cardiomegally (mc)
Pericardial effusion
fat deposit
causes of cardiomegaly (+mc)
High blood pressure (MC- systemic hypertension)
Arrhythmias
pulmonar hypertension
congestive heart failure
What part of the heart is cardiomegaly due to
Causes usually relate to the left heart:
- Left ventricular failure
- Mitral stenosis
Cardiomyopathy s/s
- Shortness of breath
- Tenderness in RUQ
- Swelling in lower extremities
- ascities
Congestive heart failure pathology
Mechanical inability of th heart to circulate an adequate volume of blood
-Left sided failure (blood backs up in the pulmonary tissues)–> leads to right sided failure (blood accumulates in the venous circulation
congestive heart failure clinical findings
- Shortness of breath (worse w activity)
- Chronic non prod cough
- nocturia
- pulmonary rales
- pitting edema
- engorged neck veins
- enlarged liver
Imaging findings of congestive heart failure
- Enlaged heart shadow
- redistribution of pulmonary blood flow (interstitial markings become prominent in upper fields)
- Interstitial edema
- Pulmonary edema
- pleural effusion (meniscus sign)
3 stages of congestive heart failure
Stage 1- Redistribution (pulmonary vessels), cardiomegaly, broad vascular pedicle
Stage 2- Kerley lines, hazy contour of vessels, thickened interlobular fissure
Stage 3- Consolidation, air bronchogram, cotton wool, pleural effusion
Pulmonary hypertension symptoms
Dyspeena (mc) SOB on exersion, then develops at rest fatigue weakness chest pain syncope
Pulmonary hypertension late signs
cold hands and feet
diminished peripheripheral puses
reduced blood pressure and pulse pressure
irregular heartbeat or murmur
cyanosis is most likely to occur after exercise
Main pulmonary hypertension imaging findings
- enlarged main pulmonary artery/trunk
- increased width of the descending branch of the R. pulmonary artery
- Increased cardiothoracic ratio
What will pericardial effusion look like
Heart shadow looks globular or like a water goblet (very rounded)
Pericardial effusion causes (+mc)
Viral inf (mc) Cancer trauma heart attack bac inf
large pericardial effusion symptoms
sob
palpitations
light headedness or passing out
cool,clamy skin
Differences of pericardial effusion vs cardiomegaly
pericardial effusion:
- Cardiac enlargement is always generalized
- LUNG FIELDS SHOULD BE CLEAR
- cardiac shadow may cover the hill
- sup vena cava may be enlarged
