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Psychology - VC - Attachment > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory relates to the influence of early attachments on later relationships?

A

Internal working model

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2
Q

Define internal working model

A

Infant’s mental representation of their relationship with their primary attachment figure - thought to act as a template for future relationships

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3
Q

Why is the first infant-caregiver relationship (primary attachment) important?

A

Acts as internal working model for infant, creating a template of how they treat others + expect to be treated in future relationships

This long lasting effect can be described using CONTINUITY HYPOTHESIS

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4
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

Idea that early relationships with caregivers predict later relationships (in later childhood + adulthood)

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5
Q

What kind of later relationships are people with Secure (B) early attachments generally supposed to have?

A

Functional, good relationships

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6
Q

What kind of later relationships are people with Insecure (A+C) early attachments generally supposed to have?

A

Less good future relationships

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7
Q

What later relationships are looked at?

A
  • Relationships in childhood (with other children + adults)
  • Romantic relationships in adulthood
  • Parental relationships in adulthood
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8
Q

How are early attachments thought to influence childhood relationships?

A

Impact quality of friendships + involvement in issues such as bullying

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9
Q

What childhood relationships are expected from an Insecure-Avoidant (A) early attachment?

A
  • Struggle to make friends, displaying avoidant behaviour (e.g. keeping to themselves, being emotionally disconnected to others)
  • Often bullied
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10
Q

What childhood relationships are expected from an Insecure-Resistant (C) early attachment?

A
  • Struggle to make friends, displaying resistant behaviour (e.g. may manipulate friendships, seeking attention/control, but also showing dislike/anger towards others)
  • Often bully others
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11
Q

Who did research to support the continuity hypothesis of early attachments affecting childhood relationships?

A

Wilson + Smith (1998)

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12
Q

Outline the research by Wilson + Smith (1998)

A

Aim:
To assess attachment types’ links to childhood bullying behaviour

Procedure:

  • 196 children from London (age 7-11)
  • Did standard questionnaire

Findings:

  • Avoidant (A): Often bullied
  • Secure (B): Unlikely to be involved in bullying
  • Resistant (C): Often bully

Conclusion:
Early attachment type does affect childhood relationships, which can be seen in bullying behaviour patterns

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13
Q

Who did research to support the continuity hypothesis of early attachments affecting adult romantic relationships, suggested originally by McCarthy?

A

Hazan + Shaver (1987)

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14
Q

Who originally suggested that romantic relationships are affected by early attachments?

A

McCarthy (1999)

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15
Q

What type of romantic relationships did McCarthy suggest Securely Attached (B) children had?

A

Good, trusting, long-lasting relationships

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16
Q

What type of romantic relationships did McCarthy suggest Insecure-Avoidant (A) children had?

A

Avoid close romantic relationships, struggle with intimacy

17
Q

What type of romantic relationships did McCarthy suggest Insecure-Resistant (C) children had?

A

Struggle to maintain romantic relationships, often argumentative, obsessive and controlling

18
Q

Outline the research by Hazan + Shaver (1987)

A

Aim:
To access attachment type’s link to later life romantic relationships

Procedure:

  • ‘The love quiz’ questionnaire in Rocky Mountain News
  • 620 replies analysed
  • Format of questionnaire:
    1) Assessed most important current relationship
    2) Assessed general love experiences
    3) Assessed attachment type

Findings:

  • Secure (56%) - Good, trusting, long-lasting romances
  • Avoidant (25%) - Avoid romances, distant, fear intimacy
  • Resistant - Struggle to maintain romances, obsessive, controlling, argumentative

Conclusion:
Early attachment type does affect later romantic relationships

19
Q

How is parenting style thought to be affected by early attachments?

A

Those with secure attachment type will be best parents - have a good internal working model of how to be a parent

20
Q

Who did research to support the continuity hypothesis of early attachments affecting adult parental relationships?

A

Bailey et al (2007)

21
Q

Outline the research of Bailey et al (2007)

A

Aim:
To assess attachment types’ link to later life parental relationships

Procedure:
- Used ‘Strange Situation’ procedure to compare attachment types of 99 mothers to their own mother and to their child

Findings:
- Majority of mothers formed same parental attachment type (to their child) as their early attachment type (to their mother)

Conclusion:
- Early attachment type does affect later life parental relationships

22
Q

What animal research can also be used to support the continuity hypothesis?

A

Harlow (1958)

23
Q

How do Harlow’s findings support the continuity hypothesis?

A

Deprived/prived monkeys (without secure internal working model)

  • Struggled to form healthy adult relationships (aggressive, etc)
  • Struggled to form healthy parental relationships (often reject own children, etc)
24
Q

Give a positive evaluation point for the theory that early attachment type has an impact on later life relationships

A

Research support

  • Childhood - Wilson + Smith (1998 - Bullying study)
  • Romantic - Hazan + Shaver (1987 - Love Quiz)
  • Parental - Bailey et al (2007 - Strange Situation mother comparison)
  • Fearon + Roisman (2017) reviewed all of this collective research + agreed that early attachment does affect later life

BUT… All of these studies have small individual methodological issues (e.g. Hazan + Shaver’s Love Quiz: local, volunteer sample lacks generalisability)

25
Q

Give 2 negative evaluation points for the theory that early attachment type has an influence on later life relationships

A

Alternative explanations are less reductionist

  • Law of continuity may be too reductionist, placing too much emphasis on the role of the internal working model
  • Kagan suggested innate individual differences (e.g. temperament) can also have affect on both early attachments + later relationships

Debates - Deterministic

  • Suggests that early relationships create an internal working model that pre-determines all future relationships
  • Can leave people feeling out of control and doomed

BUT… Clarke + Clarke (1998) said that influence of early attachment is probabilistic, increasing likelihood to have reflective later relationships but not dictating this for certain, so there is chance to make change

Psychology - VC - Attachment (6 decks)

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