5.b. Top down and bottom up strategies that deal with disease risk and eradication Flashcards
What is GSK?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
Major pharmaceutical company in the UK.
Its business is one of the largest in the world.
What was GSK’s 2013 turnover?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
£23 billion.
How many manufacturing sites does GSK own? In how many countries? Where are GSK’s large research development centres?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
84 manufacturing sites, 36 different counties, large research and development centres in the UK, USA, Spain, Belgium and China.
Acute/ chronic disease treatments counts for what percentage of GSK’s turnover? Where does the rest come from?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
Acute/ chronic disease treatments counts for 2/3 of GSK’s turnover, the rest coming from healthcare products and vaccines.
In 2014, how many doses of vaccines were administered? What percentage were within the developing world.
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
In 2014, more than 800 million doses of vaccines were administered, 80% being in the developing world.
Well-known GSK produced drugs include:
GSK produced drugs many well-known drugs. State 2.
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
- Amoxicillin: bacterial infections.
- Zidovudine: HIV infections.
- Bendazole: parasitic infections.
These are all on the WHO’s list for essential medicines.
GSK complete huge investment in research and development. How many people do they employ each in R+D? How much is spent on researching the new medicines? Are there partnerships?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
They employ 13,000 people in research and development - spending £3 billion a year on researching new medicines.
Research and development is completed in partnership with other companies, universities, and research charities.
GSK is one of the few researching the treatments for the WHO’s 3 priority diseases. What are they?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB.
Why are drugs often so expensive?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
As research and development is long and costly, but also common to failure.
Why does GSK face problems with demands in LIDCs?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
They have weaker economies that are too small to recoup development costs.
However, drugs are urgently needed, and could bring development to these countries.
GSK devotes significant research and development resources to the developing world. Give an example.
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
Research facility in Spain focuses on TB, malaria, and other tropical diseases.
What is GSK’s most recent development?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
A vaccine for Ebola, and are currently launching the first effective malaria vaccine.
What is GSK’s primary motive?
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
Profit is the primary motive.
GSK has adapted an ethical policy towards the developing world. State 3 features of it.
(GlaxoSmithKline Case Study: Transnational Pharmaceutical Company)
5% return on each product sold.
3 HIV/AIDS drugs on significant discount.
Granting licenses for cheaper drug alternatives.
Capping price of patented drugs to developing countries to 25% of UK price.
Investing 20% of profits from sales in each developing countries health infrastructure.
Currently WHO and other agencies are working to eradicate two diseases, what are they?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
- Poliomyelitis (polio).
- Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm).
Both diseases are close to eradication, yet significant pockets of infection remain.
WHO has previously attempted to eradicate three other diseases, what were they?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
Malaria, hookworm, and yaws.
Prior to the development of a polio vaccine in 1952, how many were being killed or paralysed each year?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
Killed or paralysed 600,000 people a year.
Who developed the polio vaccine? What did he do?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
The virologist Jonas Salk.
He chose not to patent his discovery, thus much reducing its cost.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began when? Who supported it?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
1988.
It was supported by WHO, UNICEF, the CDC and other agencies.
Was the polio vaccine and eradication attempt successful?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
A programme of vaccination had successfully eliminated the disease in the Americas and by 2011 the polio virus was endemic in just three countries:
- Afghanistan.
- Pakistan.
- Nigeria.
Within these countries, the uptake of vaccination to provide immunity for children remains uneven.
What created a major setback for the GPEI in Pakistan and Nigeria?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
Political instability, and the murder of more than 80 health care workers in recent years by militants, has interrupted vaccination programmes, presenting a major setback for the GPEI.
What created a major setback for the GPEI in Afghanistan?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
Since 2013, new outbreaks of polio have occurred in war-torn Syria and Iraq, where vaccination and basic hygiene have broken down.
In the past, global agencies and governments had assumed universal support for the eradication of a Scourge like polio. However, this has not always been the case. Why?
(Global Polio Eradication Case Study)
(Top-down Approaches: Global Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
Resistance to vaccination programmes, related to political and cultural factors as well as ignorance, provided unexpected challenges to its eradication, particularly in Pakistan and Nigeria.
What is Mauritius? Where is it?
(National Eradication of Malaria in Mauritius)
(Top-down Approaches: National Campaigns and Disease Eradication)
A small island state in the Indian Ocean.