2.a. As countries develop economically the frequency of communicable diseases decreases, while the prevalence of non-communicable diseases rises. Flashcards
What is Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition closely linked with?
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Economic development.
Omran’s Epidemiological Transition has 3 (4) stages. What are they?
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Stage 1: The age of pestilence/ famine.
Stage 2: The age of receding pandemics.
Stage 3: In post-industrial societies the rate of mortality slackens.
Some observers suggest a stage 4 - (the age of delayed degenerative diseases).
What is stage 1 of Omran’s Epidemiological Transition? Explain.
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Mortality is high.
Life expectancy is low, ~30 years.
Poor sanitation, contaminated drinking water and low standards of living; thus, people were most susceptible to infectious diseases.
Population growth is slow and intermittent.
Most countries have moved out of this stage.
What is stage 2 of Omran’s Epidemiological Transition? Explain.
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Advances in medical tech, diet and hygiene.
Improvements in standard of living.
Epidemics causing large-scale mortality are rare.
Life expectancy is greater than 50 years.
Population growth is sustained.
Shift in main death causes from infectious disease to chronic/ degenerative diseases.
What is stage 3 of Omran’s Epidemiological Transition? Explain.
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Further improvements in medical tech, hygiene and living standards; thus mortality from infectious diseases is rare.
Degenerative disease is the main cause of mortality.
Man-made diseases associated with environmental change, e.g. cancer, become more common.
What is the suggested stage 4 of Omran’s Epidemiological Transition? Explain.
(Abdel Omran’s Epidemiological Transition)
Medical advances delay the onset of degenerative CVD.
The ‘cardiovascular revolution’, past 40 years, raised life expectancy in ACs from early 70s to mid-80s.
Obesity/ diabetes become more common and problematic.
Stage 4 is not included in the model, as it has not been clarified/ confirmed by educators.
State 2 non-communicable diseases that dominate mortality and morbidity in ACs.
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
CVD and cancer.
What was the belief towards communicable diseases, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic?
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
Was often suggested that communicable diseases had largely been eliminated, thanks to advancements in medical diagnoses and treatments, high standards of living, proper sanitation, clean water supplies and appropriate food intake.
In ACs communicable disease threat is low, what does this result in?
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
The result is comparatively healthy populations that have long average life expectancies, but prolonged life expectancy inevitably increases the proportion of deaths/ illnesses connected to degenerative diseases and old age.
As standards of living rise, so does what?
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases.
How does overnutrition influence diseases in ACs?
(Overnutrition)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
In ACs, overnutrition and excessive consumption of sugar and fats are increasing health risks and the prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as CVD, type-2 diabetes, hypertension and several types of cancer.
What exacerbates overnutrition within ACs?
(Overnutrition)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
Obesity and physical inactivity becoming increasingly apparent in younger age groups.
Is overnutrition only seen in ACs? Give an example.
(Overnutrition)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
No, overnutrition (once confined to the developed world) is becoming a significant health problem in the developing world.
In 1974, in Brazil there were two cases of underweight adults for everyone who was obese.
By 1997 the ratio had reversed, with obese adults outnumbering those who were underweight by 2:1.
Is cancer only seen within ACs?
(Cancer)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
Cancer is a disease that is growing in almost every country but rates remain higher in ACs than any other country.
What explains variations of cancer rates?
(Cancer)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
It is a highly complex disease with multiple causes, explaining variations in rates is exceptionally challenging but geography does seem to have an impact, as do poverty, lifestyle and genetics.
What are the average cancer rates for males and females in ACs?
(Cancer)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
316/100,000 for males.
253/100,000 for females.
What are the average cancer rates for males and females in LIDCs?
(Cancer)
(Non-communicable (diseases of affluence) in ACs)
103 /100,000 for males.
123 /100,000 for females.
What dominates mortality in the poorest countries (LIDCs)?
(Communicable (diseases of poverty) in LIDCs)
Communicable diseases.
What are the main classifications of communicable diseases?
(Communicable (diseases of poverty) in LIDCs)
Animal-borne, water-borne, and food-borne.
What water-borne diseases are endemic to LIDCs? Why?
(Communicable (diseases of poverty) in LIDCs)
Water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and polio, (eliminated in ACs), remain endemic in most LIDCs; this is due to many factors, though most are related in some way to poverty.
Failure to control communicable disease in LIDCs reflects what?
(Communicable (diseases of poverty) in LIDCs)
Reflects inadequate health care services and a lack of resources to tackle the causes of disease; alongside inadequate nutrition, and poor environmental/ living conditions.
Poor environmental conditions are instrumental in the spread of what?
(Poor environmental conditions)
(Communicable (diseases of poverty) in LIDCs)
The spread of communicable diseases.
