5b: Brain and behaviour (memory)

Question 1

Stages of memory

Answer 1

1. Registration- input from senses into memory system
2. Encoding- Processing and combining of received info
3. Storage- Holding of that input in the memory system
4. Retrieval - Recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 2

Learn ‘a model for memory’ (slide 5)

Answer 2

Sensory registers–> long term memory OR working memory

Rehearsal of working memory goes to storage to long term memory

Brining long term memory to working memory is retrieval

Question 3

Types of long term memory

Answer 3

DECLARATIVE (store of our knowledge)

NON-DECLARATIVE

Declarative memory allows us to consciously recollect events and facts. …
Nondeclarative memory, in contrast, is accessed without consciousness or implicitly through performance rather than recollection.

Question 4

Types of long term memory: declarative

Answer 4

Episodic (autobiographical)

Semantic (general)

Semantic memory is recall of general facts, while episodic memory is recall of personal facts.

Question 5

Types of long term memory: non-declarative

Answer 5

Priming (recognising based on what you already know)

Procedural (riding car)

Conditioning (pavlovs)

Non-associative learning

Question 6

Neural correlates of the followign memory types:

1. Declarative (facts and events)
2. Non-declarative:
   i. Procedural
   ii. Priming
   iii. Simple classical coditioning (emotional responses?skeletal musc?)

Answer 6

1. Declarative- medial temporal lobe + diencephalon

2.
i. Procedural= striatum
ii. Priming = neocortex
iii. Simple classical coditioning: 
emotional responses- amygdala

skeletal musc-cerebellum

Question 7

Which brain areas are involved in episodic memory

Answer 7

Involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, mammilary bodies, and parahippocampal cortex

Question 8

What is semantic, procedural and working memory

Which modality for which half of brain?

Answer 8

Semantic - Knowledge=

Procedural – how to do things

Working – short term

Right-nonverbal info

Left-verbal info

Question 9

T/F total amnesia is rare

Answer 9

T: Total amnesia is rare, especially isolated amnesia with otherwise preserved cognition

Implicit memory often intact in memory disorders)

Question 10

Probability of recalling is related to what

Answer 10

1. Order in the list
2. Personal salience of words
3. Number of words
4. Chunking or other encoding strategy
5. Delay time
6. Distraction

Question 11

How can you improve chances of something be recalled clinically

Answer 11

(give important info at beginning and end)

(make salient to patient)

(avoid overloading)

(chunk into meaningful info)

Emphasise and repeat important information

Question 12

Mnemonic for causes of memory problems

Answer 12

Vascular
Infectious
Toxic-Metabolic
Autoimmune
Metastases/Neoplasm
Iatrogenic
Neurodegenerative
Systemic