5.7 Respiration Flashcards
Why is respiration needed for muscle contraction?
To release myosin heads
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of molecules
What is anabolism?
Building of molecules
What are the 3 components of ATP?
- Adenine (Nitrogenous base
- Ribose (Pentose sugar)
- 3 Phosphate heads
ATP is broken down into ADP and AMP by _________.
Hydrolysis
Phosphodiester bonds release how much exothermic energy when hydrolysed?
30.5 kJ/mol
What does the breakdown of ATP require?
ATPase enzymes
What are the 4 stages of respiration?
Glycolysis, Link reaction, Kreb cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cell cytoplasm
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose(6C)into pyruvate (3C)
Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration. It’s an ________ process.
Anaerobic
What happens during the phosphorylation of glucose?
2 phosphates are hydrolysed off 2 ATP and added to a glucose making hexose biphosphate and 2 ADP
What does hexose biphosphate(6C) break down into?
2 triose phosphate molecules (3C)
What catalyses triose phosphate oxidation?
Dehydrogenase
What is made when triose phosphate is oxidised?
Pyruvate and 2 reduced NAD
What happens to pyruvate after the glycolysis stage?
It’s actively transported into the matrix of mitochondria for the link reaction
What are the net products of glycolysis?
2ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate is ___________ and loses a CO2 molecule.
Decarboxylated
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
When a phosphate is directly transferred from 1 molecule to another
What are cristae?
Intrusions of the mitochondrial envelope which increase surface area
NADH and FADH2 are _________ to NAD and FAD
Oxidised
What is the electron transport chain made of?
3 electron carriers
Where is the electron carrier chain located?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
Energy is used by electron carriers to pump H+ from the ________ into the ___________.
Matrix to intermembrane space
What is an electrochemical gradient?
A concentration gradient of ions
What enzyme helps H+ move back into the matrix?
ATP synthase
In oxidative phosphorylation, what drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi?
The movement of H+ down the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix
What is the formula for water being made in oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ + e- + O2 > H2O
What is chemosmosis?
The process of ATP production by the movement of H+ across a membrane due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain
What are NAD and FAD?
Coenzymes that can transfer Hs between molecules, can oxidise and reduce molecules.
What is Coenzyme A?
A coenzyme that transfers acetate between molecules.
