5.7 Respiration

Question 1

Why is respiration needed for muscle contraction?

Answer 1

To release myosin heads

Question 2

What is catabolism?

Answer 2

Breakdown of molecules

Question 3

What is anabolism?

Answer 3

Building of molecules

Question 4

What are the 3 components of ATP?

Answer 4

• Adenine (Nitrogenous base
• Ribose (Pentose sugar)
• 3 Phosphate heads

Question 5

ATP is broken down into ADP and AMP by _________.

Answer 5

Hydrolysis

Question 6

Phosphodiester bonds release how much exothermic energy when hydrolysed?

Answer 6

30.5 kJ/mol

Question 7

What does the breakdown of ATP require?

Answer 7

ATPase enzymes

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

Answer 8

Glycolysis, Link reaction, Kreb cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 9

Cell cytoplasm

Question 10

What is glycolysis?

Answer 10

The breakdown of glucose(6C)into pyruvate (3C)

Question 11

Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration. It’s an ________ process.

Answer 11

Anaerobic

Question 12

What happens during the phosphorylation of glucose?

Answer 12

2 phosphates are hydrolysed off 2 ATP and added to a glucose making hexose biphosphate and 2 ADP

Question 13

What does hexose biphosphate(6C) break down into?

Answer 13

2 triose phosphate molecules (3C)

Question 14

What catalyses triose phosphate oxidation?

Answer 14

Dehydrogenase

Question 15

What is made when triose phosphate is oxidised?

Answer 15

Pyruvate and 2 reduced NAD

Question 16

What happens to pyruvate after the glycolysis stage?

Answer 16

It’s actively transported into the matrix of mitochondria for the link reaction

Question 17

What are the net products of glycolysis?

Answer 17

2ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 Pyruvate

Question 18

Pyruvate is ___________ and loses a CO2 molecule.

Answer 18

Decarboxylated

Question 19

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 19

When a phosphate is directly transferred from 1 molecule to another

Question 20

What are cristae?

Answer 20

Intrusions of the mitochondrial envelope which increase surface area

Question 21

NADH and FADH2 are _________ to NAD and FAD

Answer 21

Oxidised

Question 22

What is the electron transport chain made of?

Answer 22

3 electron carriers

Question 23

Where is the electron carrier chain located?

Answer 23

The inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

Energy is used by electron carriers to pump H+ from the ________ into the ___________.

Answer 24

Matrix to intermembrane space

Question 25

What is an electrochemical gradient?

Answer 25

A concentration gradient of ions

Question 26

What enzyme helps H+ move back into the matrix?

Answer 26

ATP synthase

Question 27

In oxidative phosphorylation, what drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi?

Answer 27

The movement of H+ down the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix

Question 28

What is the formula for water being made in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 28

H+ + e- + O2 > H2O

Question 29

What is chemosmosis?

Answer 29

The process of ATP production by the movement of H+ across a membrane due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain

Question 30

What are NAD and FAD?

Answer 30

Coenzymes that can transfer Hs between molecules, can oxidise and reduce molecules.

Question 31

What is Coenzyme A?

Answer 31

A coenzyme that transfers acetate between molecules.