5.4 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Specialised group of cells to secrete hormones directly into blood without a duct

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, and can be steroid or non-steroid.

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3
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have specific receptors for a hormone that the hormone needs to act on.

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4
Q

What can stimulate a gland to secrete a hormone?

A

A change in conc of another chemical, or action potentials.

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5
Q

What happens after a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface membrane?

A

A G protein activates an enzyme in the cell surface membrane.

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6
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

The non-steroid hormone because it carries a chemical message from an endocrine gland to the target cell receptor.

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7
Q

What is the second messenger?

A

The signalling molecule, because it carries the chemical message from the receptor to the other parts of the cell.

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8
Q

What does the 2nd messenger do?

A

They activate an enzyme cascade in the cell.

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9
Q

What is a target cell for adrenaline?

A

Hepatocyte

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10
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction of ATP > cAMP ?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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11
Q

What does a G protein do?

A

Activate a membrane bound enzyme after a hormone has bound to a receptor.

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12
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called?

A

Cortex

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14
Q

What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Why can steroid hormones directly affect DNA and protein synthesis?

A

They can diffuse through the lipid bilayer into the cell and nucleus.

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17
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

18
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Maintains blood pressure

19
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A

Aldosterone increases uptake of Na+ and water, increasing blood volume and pressure.

20
Q

What type of hormone can suppress the immune system?

A

Adrenal cortex steroid hormones

21
Q

Where is cortisol secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

22
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • Controls metabolism of proteins, fats and carbs into glucose.
  • Helps development of sexual charecteristics
23
Q

Why is cortisol released in response to stress?

A

Controls metabolism to make glucose and energy more available so brain and muscles can coordinate response to stress.

24
Q

What type of hormone is released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Non steroid hormones

25
What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol and aldosterone
26
What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
27
What are catecholamines?
Amino acid derivative hormones
28
How does adrenaline increase breathing depth?
Relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles
29
What is adrenaline's primary function?
To make more energy available in the short term to prepare the body for action.
30
What is hypoglycemia?
Not enough glucose delivered to tissues
31
What is hyperglycemia?
Blood glucose too high for too long
32
What cells moniter blood glucose concentration?
Islets of langerhans
33
What are the target cells of insulin and glucagon?
Hepatocytes in liver
34
What cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells
35
What cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
36
Where are alpha and beta cells found?
Cell clusters in islets of langerhans
37
What is glucagon?
A non steroid hormone which acts to raise blood glucose concentration
38
What is insulin?
A non steroid hormone which acts to lower blood glucose concentration
39
What is glycogenesis?
Glucose converted to glycogen
40
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen converted to glucose
41
What is gluconeogenesis?
Amino acids/fats converted to glucose
42
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands have ducts and endocrine are ductless.