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A Level Biology OCR > 5.4 Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

5.4 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Specialised group of cells to secrete hormones directly into blood without a duct

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, and can be steroid or non-steroid.

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3
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have specific receptors for a hormone that the hormone needs to act on.

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4
Q

What can stimulate a gland to secrete a hormone?

A

A change in conc of another chemical, or action potentials.

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5
Q

What happens after a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface membrane?

A

A G protein activates an enzyme in the cell surface membrane.

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6
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

The non-steroid hormone because it carries a chemical message from an endocrine gland to the target cell receptor.

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7
Q

What is the second messenger?

A

The signalling molecule, because it carries the chemical message from the receptor to the other parts of the cell.

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8
Q

What does the 2nd messenger do?

A

They activate an enzyme cascade in the cell.

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9
Q

What is a target cell for adrenaline?

A

Hepatocyte

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10
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction of ATP > cAMP ?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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11
Q

What does a G protein do?

A

Activate a membrane bound enzyme after a hormone has bound to a receptor.

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12
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called?

A

Cortex

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14
Q

What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Why can steroid hormones directly affect DNA and protein synthesis?

A

They can diffuse through the lipid bilayer into the cell and nucleus.

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17
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

18
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Maintains blood pressure

19
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A

Aldosterone increases uptake of Na+ and water, increasing blood volume and pressure.

20
Q

What type of hormone can suppress the immune system?

A

Adrenal cortex steroid hormones

21
Q

Where is cortisol secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

22
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • Controls metabolism of proteins, fats and carbs into glucose.
  • Helps development of sexual charecteristics
23
Q

Why is cortisol released in response to stress?

A

Controls metabolism to make glucose and energy more available so brain and muscles can coordinate response to stress.

24
Q

What type of hormone is released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Non steroid hormones

25
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

26
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

27
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Amino acid derivative hormones

28
Q

How does adrenaline increase breathing depth?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles

29
Q

What is adrenaline’s primary function?

A

To make more energy available in the short term to prepare the body for action.

30
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Not enough glucose delivered to tissues

31
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Blood glucose too high for too long

32
Q

What cells moniter blood glucose concentration?

A

Islets of langerhans

33
Q

What are the target cells of insulin and glucagon?

A

Hepatocytes in liver

34
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

35
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

36
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells found?

A

Cell clusters in islets of langerhans

37
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A non steroid hormone which acts to raise blood glucose concentration

38
Q

What is insulin?

A

A non steroid hormone which acts to lower blood glucose concentration

39
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glucose converted to glycogen

40
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen converted to glucose

41
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Amino acids/fats converted to glucose

42
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands have ducts and endocrine are ductless.

A Level Biology OCR (28 decks)

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