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A Level Biology OCR > 2.1 Cells > Flashcards

2.1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of time’s larger an image appears compared to its real size

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

The clarity of an image and the ability to distinguish between two points

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3
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification=

Image size/real size

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4
Q

Which microscope can produce a 3D image of the surface of a specimen?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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5
Q

Which microscope can produce an image of a thin specimen?

A

Transmission electron microscope

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6
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

A

Res: 0.2um
Mag: x1500

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7
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Res: 0.0002um
Mag: xMillion

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8
Q

Why can a laser scanning confocal microscope produce a much clearer image than a light microscope?

A

The laser is focused through a pinhole, which blocks any out of focus light

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9
Q

Why might you use differential staining?

A

To identify different cellular components and cell types, and help them stand out from the background

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Stores genetic information

- Control centre of the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

It makes ribosomes

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12
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear envelope separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell. It is a double membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

A

They allow larger substances such as mRNA to leave the nucleus

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14
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Makes and processes lipids

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16
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Processes and packages lipids and proteins

- Makes lysosomes

17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

18
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

19
Q

What is the function of a vacoule?

A

When filled with water it makes the plant cell turgid, which gives the plant stability

20
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • Keeps digestive enzymes separate from the rest of the cell

- Digest invading cells or old organelles

21
Q

What is the function of cillia?

A
  • Acts as an antenna, containing receptors
  • Sweeps mucus in epithelial cells
  • Moves sperm cells
22
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

23
Q

What forms cillia?

A

Centrioles

24
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

A

Prokaryotic is circular and free in cytoplasm but Eukaryotic is linear and encased in nucleus.

25
Q

Where are extracellular proteins made?

A

Ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

Where are intracellular (cytoplasm) proteins made?

A

Free ribosomes in cytoplasm

27
Q

What does the RER do in protein synthesis?

A

Make proteins, then fold and process them

28
Q

How is the cytoskeleton arranged in eukaryotes?

A

Protein threads arranged as microfilaments and microtubules.

29
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Small solid strands of protein threads

30
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Tiny protein cylinders

31
Q

What keeps cell organelles supported and in position?

A

Cytoskeleton

32
Q

What can prevent the cytoskeleton from functioning and why?

A

Respiratory inhibitors, as their movement requires ATP from respiration

33
Q

What can cause a cell to move?

A

Cytoskeleton

34
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

A

Eukaryotic made from either cellulose or chitin, prokaryotic not

A Level Biology OCR (28 decks)

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