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A Level Biology OCR > 5.5 Animal Responses > Flashcards

5.5 Animal Responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

It controls conscious activities, e.g. running

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

This activates the fight or flight response

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Made up of the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, and contains the autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls unconscious activities, e.g. digestion and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It calms the body down, and reverse the effects of the fight or flight response

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9
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls body temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Involved in vision, hearing, learning and thinking.

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

2 halves called cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The thin outer layer of the cerebrum which is highly folded

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13
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus, it releases hormones and stimulates other glands e.g. adrenal gland

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14
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls breathing rate and heart rate

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Involved with muscle coordination, posture, and balance.

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16
Q

What is a reflex?

A

When the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond.

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17
Q

What activates the fight or flight response?

A

When an organism is threatened

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18
Q

What are the 5 responses due to adrenaline?

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Breathe deeper
  3. Glycogen converted to glucose
  4. Vasoconstriction at skin, blood diverted to heart, lungs and skeletal muscles
  5. Erector pili muscles in skin contract making hair stand up
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19
Q

What is a baroreceptor?

A

They detect changes in blood pressure in aorta and vena cava

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20
Q

What are thick myofilaments made of?

A

The protein myosin

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21
Q

What are thin myofilaments made of?

A

The protein actin

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22
Q

Dark bands contain which protein?

A

Actin

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23
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A specialised cell that transmits action potentials throughout the body

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24
Q

What is glial cell?

A

A specialised cell for assisting neuronal function, with many different types

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25
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurones

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26
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved with?

A

Emotions, problem solving, reasoning, speech and movement

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27
Q

What is the paretal lobe involved with?

A

Perception of stimuli- e.g. touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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28
Q

What is the temperal lobe involved with?

A

Perception, stimuli and memory (hippocampus)

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29
Q

What is the occipital lobe involved with?

A

Vision

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30
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Folded space that contains the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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31
Q

What is the meninges?

A

Membrane which surrounds the brain, protecting from infection and trauma

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32
Q

What does cerebral-spinal fluid do?

A

Fills spaces to cushion the brain

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33
Q

What is a cortex?

A

A highly folded nervous tissue with large surface area for connections to be made

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34
Q

Why are reflexes useful?

A

Because time isn’t spent deciding how to respond, the response is much quicker

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35
Q

Why is the blinking reflex useful?

A

The body will automatically blink the eye to protect it from potential damage

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36
Q

Sensory neurones take an action potential from a _______ to the ______.

A

Receptor to the CNS

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37
Q

Relay neurones connect __________ neurones and __________ neurones

A

Sensory neurones to motor neurones

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38
Q

What muscles move the eye lids?

A

Orbicularis oculi muscles

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39
Q

Why is the knee jerk reflex useful?

A

It works to quickly straighten your leg if the quadricep is stretched to maintain balance.

40
Q

What detects the muscle being stretched? (Knee jerk reflex)

A

Stretch receptors in quadriceps muscle

41
Q

There is no _______ neurone involved in the knee jerk reflex.

A

Relay neurone

42
Q

What is the effector in the knee jerk reflex?

A

The quadriceps muscle

43
Q

The ________ and ________ systems coordinate the fight or flight response.

A

Neuronal and hormonal

44
Q

What gland releases ACTH?

A

Pituitary gland

45
Q

What does the hormone ACTH do?

A

It causes the cortex of the adrenal gland to release steroid hormones

46
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

The medulla region of the adrenal gland.

47
Q

What is the conversion of glycogen to glucose called?

A

Glycogenolysis

48
Q

What does the SAN do?

A

It generates electrical impulses that cause cardiac muscles to contract?

49
Q

What controls the rate that the SAN fires (heart rate)?

A

The medulla

50
Q

Why do animals need to alter their heart rate in response to stimuli?

A

Make sure the heart rate is enough to supply the body with enough oxygen

51
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Chemical receptors that monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and pH in the blood

52
Q

What is secreted when baroreceptors detect high blood pressure?

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

What is secreted when baroreceptors detect low blood pressure?

A

Noradrenaline

54
Q

What is secreted when chemoreceptors detect high O2 levels in the blood?

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

What is secreted when chemoreceptors detect low blood O2?

A

Noradrenaline

56
Q

How does adrenaline increase heart rate?

A

It binds to specific receptors in the heart which cause cardiac muscle to contact more frequently and with more force

57
Q

What can be used to study brain activity?

A

MRI or PET

58
Q

Why does the sympathetic nervous system relax the bladder / bowels?

A

To dump mass to allow a faster escape

59
Q

Why does the sympathetic nervous system inhibit digestive action?

A

To divert blood and energy to muscles for fight or flight

60
Q

How does the heart know to alter its contraction rate?

A

The cardiovascular centre in the medulla picks up on stimuli, or stretch receptors

61
Q

What does adrenal cyclase do?

A

Converts ATP > cAMP

62
Q

What shape do smooth muscle fibres have?

A

Spindle shape with pointed ends

63
Q

Why is involuntary muscle smooth?

A

Doesn’t have the striated appearance

64
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of hollow organs such as the gut and blood vessels

65
Q

Smooth muscle cells contain bundles of _________ and _________.

A

Actin and myosin

66
Q

How do smooth muscles contract?

A

Slowly and regularly and doesn’t quickly fatigue

67
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Contracts on its own

68
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Muscular walls of the heart

69
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

Long muscle fibres with cross bridges forming intercalated discs

70
Q

Why does cardiac muscle form intercalated discs?

A

They create low electrical resistance so nerve impulses pass easily and evenly between cells

71
Q

How many nuclei do smooth muscle fibres have?

A

1

72
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle fibres have?

A

1

73
Q

What shape are cardiac muscle fibres?

A

Cylindrical

74
Q

How do cardiac muscles contract?

A

Rhythmically and don’t fatigue

75
Q

What are the dark and light bands on a microscope image of a skeletal muscle?

A

Dark- A bands

Light- I bands

76
Q

How many nuclei are in a skeletal muscle fibre?

A

Many

77
Q

What are quickly contracting skeletal muscles for?

A

Speed and strength - but fatigue quickly

78
Q

What muscles are used for endurance and posture?

A

Slow contracting, slow fatigue skeletal muscles

79
Q

What is a sarcolemma?

A

Striated muscle cell membrane

80
Q

What is a sarcoplasm?

A

Specialised skeletal muscle cell cytoplasm

81
Q

How is the sarcoplasm specialised?

A

Contains many mitochondria and and sarcoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Specialised endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells

83
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Cylindrical structure extending along muscle fibre containing protein filaments actin and myosin

84
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Myofibrils divided into a chain of subunits

85
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The junction between the nervous system and muscle

86
Q

How do transverse (T) tubules allow electrical impulses to reach the whole muscle fibre?

A

The sarcolemma folds inwards across the muscle fibre and stick to the sarcoplasm

87
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Stores and releases Ca2+ ions that are needed for muscle contraction

88
Q

What are thick myofilaments made of?

A

The protein myosin

89
Q

What are thin myofilaments made of?

A

The protein actin

90
Q

What do A bands contain?

A

Thin myosin filaments and some overlapping actin filaments

91
Q

What do I bands contain?

A

Thin actin filaments

92
Q

What is the Z line?

A

The ends of the sarcomere

93
Q

What is the M line?

A

The middle of each sarcomere, and the middle of myosin filaments

94
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Contains myosin filaments

95
Q

When a sarcomere contracts what happens to the A band?

A

Stays the same length

96
Q

What happens to the I band when the sarcomere contracts?

A

It gets shorter

97
Q

What happens to the H zones when the sarcomere contracts?

A

Get shorter

A Level Biology OCR (28 decks)

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