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A Level Biology OCR > 5.5 Animal Responses > Flashcards

5.5 Animal Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

It controls conscious activities, e.g. running

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

This activates the fight or flight response

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Made up of the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, and contains the autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls unconscious activities, e.g. digestion and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It calms the body down, and reverse the effects of the fight or flight response

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9
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls body temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Involved in vision, hearing, learning and thinking.

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

2 halves called cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The thin outer layer of the cerebrum which is highly folded

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13
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus, it releases hormones and stimulates other glands e.g. adrenal gland

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14
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls breathing rate and heart rate

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Involved with muscle coordination, posture, and balance.

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16
Q

What is a reflex?

A

When the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond.

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17
Q

What activates the fight or flight response?

A

When an organism is threatened

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18
Q

What are the 5 responses due to adrenaline?

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Breathe deeper
  3. Glycogen converted to glucose
  4. Vasoconstriction at skin, blood diverted to heart, lungs and skeletal muscles
  5. Erector pili muscles in skin contract making hair stand up
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19
Q

What is a baroreceptor?

A

They detect changes in blood pressure in aorta and vena cava

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20
Q

What are thick myofilaments made of?

A

The protein myosin

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21
Q

What are thin myofilaments made of?

A

The protein actin

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22
Q

Dark bands contain which protein?

A

Actin

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23
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A specialised cell that transmits action potentials throughout the body

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24
Q

What is glial cell?

A

A specialised cell for assisting neuronal function, with many different types

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25
What is a nerve?
A bundle of neurones
26
What is the frontal lobe involved with?
Emotions, problem solving, reasoning, speech and movement
27
What is the paretal lobe involved with?
Perception of stimuli- e.g. touch, pressure, temperature and pain
28
What is the temperal lobe involved with?
Perception, stimuli and memory (hippocampus)
29
What is the occipital lobe involved with?
Vision
30
What is the diencephalon?
Folded space that contains the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
31
What is the meninges?
Membrane which surrounds the brain, protecting from infection and trauma
32
What does cerebral-spinal fluid do?
Fills spaces to cushion the brain
33
What is a cortex?
A highly folded nervous tissue with large surface area for connections to be made
34
Why are reflexes useful?
Because time isn’t spent deciding how to respond, the response is much quicker
35
Why is the blinking reflex useful?
The body will automatically blink the eye to protect it from potential damage
36
Sensory neurones take an action potential from a _______ to the ______.
Receptor to the CNS
37
Relay neurones connect __________ neurones and __________ neurones
Sensory neurones to motor neurones
38
What muscles move the eye lids?
Orbicularis oculi muscles
39
Why is the knee jerk reflex useful?
It works to quickly straighten your leg if the quadricep is stretched to maintain balance.
40
What detects the muscle being stretched? (Knee jerk reflex)
Stretch receptors in quadriceps muscle
41
There is no _______ neurone involved in the knee jerk reflex.
Relay neurone
42
What is the effector in the knee jerk reflex?
The quadriceps muscle
43
The ________ and ________ systems coordinate the fight or flight response.
Neuronal and hormonal
44
What gland releases ACTH?
Pituitary gland
45
What does the hormone ACTH do?
It causes the cortex of the adrenal gland to release steroid hormones
46
Where is adrenaline released from?
The medulla region of the adrenal gland.
47
What is the conversion of glycogen to glucose called?
Glycogenolysis
48
What does the SAN do?
It generates electrical impulses that cause cardiac muscles to contract?
49
What controls the rate that the SAN fires (heart rate)?
The medulla
50
Why do animals need to alter their heart rate in response to stimuli?
Make sure the heart rate is enough to supply the body with enough oxygen
51
What are chemoreceptors
Chemical receptors that monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and pH in the blood
52
What is secreted when baroreceptors detect high blood pressure?
Acetylcholine
53
What is secreted when baroreceptors detect low blood pressure?
Noradrenaline
54
What is secreted when chemoreceptors detect high O2 levels in the blood?
Acetylcholine
55
What is secreted when chemoreceptors detect low blood O2?
Noradrenaline
56
How does adrenaline increase heart rate?
It binds to specific receptors in the heart which cause cardiac muscle to contact more frequently and with more force
57
What can be used to study brain activity?
MRI or PET
58
Why does the sympathetic nervous system relax the bladder / bowels?
To dump mass to allow a faster escape
59
Why does the sympathetic nervous system inhibit digestive action?
To divert blood and energy to muscles for fight or flight
60
How does the heart know to alter its contraction rate?
The cardiovascular centre in the medulla picks up on stimuli, or stretch receptors
61
What does adrenal cyclase do?
Converts ATP > cAMP
62
What shape do smooth muscle fibres have?
Spindle shape with pointed ends
63
Why is involuntary muscle smooth?
Doesn’t have the striated appearance
64
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of hollow organs such as the gut and blood vessels
65
Smooth muscle cells contain bundles of _________ and _________.
Actin and myosin
66
How do smooth muscles contract?
Slowly and regularly and doesn’t quickly fatigue
67
What does myogenic mean?
Contracts on its own
68
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Muscular walls of the heart
69
What is the structure of cardiac muscle?
Long muscle fibres with cross bridges forming intercalated discs
70
Why does cardiac muscle form intercalated discs?
They create low electrical resistance so nerve impulses pass easily and evenly between cells
71
How many nuclei do smooth muscle fibres have?
1
72
How many nuclei do cardiac muscle fibres have?
1
73
What shape are cardiac muscle fibres?
Cylindrical
74
How do cardiac muscles contract?
Rhythmically and don’t fatigue
75
What are the dark and light bands on a microscope image of a skeletal muscle?
Dark- A bands | Light- I bands
76
How many nuclei are in a skeletal muscle fibre?
Many
77
What are quickly contracting skeletal muscles for?
Speed and strength - but fatigue quickly
78
What muscles are used for endurance and posture?
Slow contracting, slow fatigue skeletal muscles
79
What is a sarcolemma?
Striated muscle cell membrane
80
What is a sarcoplasm?
Specialised skeletal muscle cell cytoplasm
81
How is the sarcoplasm specialised?
Contains many mitochondria and and sarcoplasmic reticulum
82
What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Specialised endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells
83
What are myofibrils?
Cylindrical structure extending along muscle fibre containing protein filaments actin and myosin
84
What are sarcomeres?
Myofibrils divided into a chain of subunits
85
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The junction between the nervous system and muscle
86
How do transverse (T) tubules allow electrical impulses to reach the whole muscle fibre?
The sarcolemma folds inwards across the muscle fibre and stick to the sarcoplasm
87
What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?
Stores and releases Ca2+ ions that are needed for muscle contraction
88
What are thick myofilaments made of?
The protein myosin
89
What are thin myofilaments made of?
The protein actin
90
What do A bands contain?
Thin myosin filaments and some overlapping actin filaments
91
What do I bands contain?
Thin actin filaments
92
What is the Z line?
The ends of the sarcomere
93
What is the M line?
The middle of each sarcomere, and the middle of myosin filaments
94
What is the H zone?
Contains myosin filaments
95
When a sarcomere contracts what happens to the A band?
Stays the same length
96
What happens to the I band when the sarcomere contracts?
It gets shorter
97
What happens to the H zones when the sarcomere contracts?
Get shorter

A Level Biology OCR (28 decks)

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