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B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > 5.6- VACCINATION > Flashcards

5.6- VACCINATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability of organism to resist infection

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2
Q

What two forms does immunity take?

A

passive immunity

active immunity

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3
Q

What is passive immunity produced by?

A

introduction of antibodies into individuals from outside source

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4
Q

What is not necessary to induce immunity? (passive immunity)

A

no direct contact with pathogen or its antigen

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5
Q

How quick is immunity acquired? (passive immunity)

A

immediately

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6
Q

What happens as the antibodies are not being produced by the individual themselves? (passive immunity)

A

antibodies not replaced when they’re broken down, non memory cells formed so there’s no lasting immunity

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7
Q

Examples of passive immunity?

A

anti-venom given to victims of snake bites + immunity acquired by fetus when antibodies pass across placenta from mother

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8
Q

What is active immunity produced by?

A

stimulating production of antibodies by individuals’ own immune system

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9
Q

What is necessary in active immunity?

A

direct contact with pathogen or its antigen

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10
Q

How quick is immunity acquired? (active immunity)

A

immunity takes time to develop

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11
Q

How long does active immunity generally last?

A

generally long-lasting

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12
Q

What is the two types of active immunity?

A

natural active immunity

artificial active immunity

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13
Q

What does natural active immunity result from?

A

individual becoming infected with disease under normal circumstances

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14
Q

What does the body produce its own of in natural active immunity?

A

own antibodies + may continue to do so for many years

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15
Q

What does artificial active immunity form the basis of?

A

vaccination (immunisation)

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16
Q

What does artificial active immunity involve?

A

inducing immune response in individual, without them suffering symptoms of disease

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17
Q

What is vaccination the introduction of?

A

appropriate disease antigens into body, either by injection or by mouth

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18
Q

What is the intention of vaccination?

A

stimulate immune response against particular disease

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19
Q

What is the material introduced in vaccination called?

A

vaccine

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20
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

one or more types of antigen from the pathogen

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21
Q

What do the antigens in the vaccine do?

A

stimulate immune response

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22
Q

What is the immune response stimulated by the antigen in the vaccine like?

A

response slight as only a small amount of antigen has been introduced

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23
Q

What is the crucial factor from a vaccination?

A

memory cells produced

24
Q

Why is memory cells being produced from vaccination crucial?

A

these remain in blood + allow greater and more immediate response to future infection with pathogen

25
Q

What is the result of vaccination?

A

rapid production of antibodies + new infection rapidly overcome before it can cause any harm and with few, if any, symptoms

26
Q

What vaccination is carried out on a large scale, what does it provide?

A

protection against disease not only for individuals but also for whole populations

27
Q

What sort of measure is vaccination used as?

A

precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting disease

28
Q

What are the factors that the success of a vaccination programme is dependent on? (economically)

A

economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of vulnerable population

29
Q

What are the factors that the success of a vaccination programme is dependent on? (side-effects)

A

must be few side effects if any

unpleasant side effects may discourage individuals in population from being vaccinated

30
Q

What are the factors that the success of a vaccination programme is dependent on? (producing, storing + transporting)

A

means of producing, storing + transporting vaccine must be available
usually involves technologically advanced equipment, hygienic conditions + refrigerated transport

31
Q

What are the factors that the success of a vaccination programme is dependent on? (administering)

A

must be means of administering vaccine properly at appropriate time
involves training staff with appropriate skills at different centres throughout population

32
Q

What are the factors that the success of a vaccination programme is dependent on? (population)

A

must be able to vaccinate vast majority of vulnerable population to produce herd immunity

33
Q

When does herd immunity arise?

A

when sufficiently large proportion of population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for pathogen to spread within population

34
Q

What is the concept of herd immunity based on?

A

idea that pathogens passed from individual to individual when in close contact

35
Q

When the vast majority of the population is immune, what does this mean?

A

highly improbable that susceptible individual will come in contact with infected person

36
Q

What does it mean for people who are not immune when the vast majority of the population is immune?

A

they’re still protected

37
Q

Why is herd immunity important?

A

as it’s never possible to vaccinate everyone in a large population

38
Q

Who are not vaccinated?

A

babies and very young children

39
Q

Why are babies and very young children not vaccinated?

A

as their immune system not yet fully functional

40
Q

Who should not be vaccinated as it can be dangerous?

A

those who are ill or have compromised immune systems

41
Q

What percentage of the population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

A

different for each disease

42
Q

How should vaccination be carried out to achieve herd immunity?

A

best carried out at one time

43
Q

What does it mean for the vaccination to be carried out at one time?

A

very few individuals in population with disease + transmission of pathogen interrupted

44
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (certain individuals)

A

vaccination fails to induce immunity in certain individuals e.g. people with defective immune system

45
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (develop disease)

A

may develop disease immediately after vaccination but before their immunity levels high enough to prevent it
these individuals may harbour pathogen + reinfect others

46
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (mutate)

A

pathogen may mutate frequently, so its antigens change suddenly rather than gradually
means that vaccines suddenly become ineffective as new antigens on pathogen no longer recognised by immune system

47
Q

What happens as the immune system can no longer recognise the antigens of the pathogen?

A

immune system doesn’t produce antibodies to destroy pathogen

48
Q

Example of antigenic variability?

A

happens with influenza virus, which changes its antigens frequently

49
Q

What happens to immunity due to antigenic variability?

A

immunity short-lived

50
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (varities)

A

may be so many varieties of particular pathogen that it’s almost impossible to develop vaccine that’s effective against them all

51
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (hiding)

A

certain pathogens ‘hide’ from body’s immune system, either by concealing themselves in cells, or by living in places out of reach i.e. within intestines e.g. cholera pathogen

52
Q

Reasons as to why even if criteria for successful vaccination met, can still prove extremely difficult to eradicate disease? (objections)

A

individuals may have objections to vaccination for religious, ethical or medical reasons

53
Q

Ethical issues with vaccines (production + development)

A

production of existing vaccines + development of new ones often involve use of animals

54
Q

Ethical issues with vaccines (side effects)I

A

side effects may sometimes cause logn-term harm

55
Q

Ethical issues with vaccines (testing)

A

on whom should vaccines be tested, how should trials be carried out

56
Q

Ethical issues with vaccines (where to trial)

A

acceptable to trial new vaccine with unknown health risks only in country where targeted disease common?

57
Q

Ethical issues with vaccines (compulsory)

A

should vaccination be compulsory and can you opt out- on what basis e.g. religion

B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (7 decks)

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