Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > 5.3- T LYMPHOCYTES AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY > Flashcards

5.3- T LYMPHOCYTES AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

What type of response is the initial response of the body to infection?

A

non-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the next phase after the non-specific response?

A

primary immune response that confers to immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability of organisms to resist infection by protecting against disease-causing microorganisms or their toxins that invade their bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does immunity involved? (hint- recognition)

A

recognition of foreign material (antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any part of an organism or substance that is recognised as non-self (foreign) by the immune system + stimulates an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are antigens usually?

A

proteins that are part of cell-surface membranes or cell walls of invading cells, i.e. microorganisms, or abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the presence of an antigen trigger?

A

production of antibody as part of body’s defence system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of immune response is phagocytosis?

A

non-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do non-specific immune responses occur?

A

occur whatever the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do specific responses do?

A

react to specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How fast is the specific response at first?

A

slower in action first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Although specific responses are slower in action, what can they provide?

A

long-term immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of white blood cell does the specific immune response depend on?

A

lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are lymphocytes produced by?

A

stem cells in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

T lymphocytes (T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are B lymphocytes called B lymphocytes?

A

they mature in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are B lymphocytes associated with?

A

humoral immunity, that is immunity involving antibodies that are present in body fluids, or ‘humour’ such as blood plasma

18
Q

Why are T lymphocytes called T lymphocytes?

A

they mature in the thymus glands

19
Q

What are T lymphocytes associated with?

A

associated with cell-mediated immunity, that is immunity involving body cells

20
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to? (2)

A

organism’s own cells that have been infected by non-self materials from a different species, i.e. a virus

cells from other individuals of same species as they’re genetically different

21
Q

What do cells from other individuals have on their cell-surface membrane? (cell-mediated immunity)

A

different antigens on their cell-surface membrane from the antigens on the organism’s own cells

22
Q

How can T lymphocytes distinguish the invader cells from normal cells: what do phagocytes that have engulfed + hydrolysed a pathogen do?

A

present some of a pathogen’s antigens on its own cell-surface membrane

23
Q

How can T lymphocytes distinguish the invader cells from normal cells: what do body cells invaded by a virus do?

A

present some of the viral antigens on their own cell-surface membrane

24
Q

How can T lymphocytes distinguish the invader cells from normal cells: what do transplanted cells from individuals of same species have?

A

different antigens on their cell-surface membrane

25
Q

How can T lymphocytes distinguish the invader cells from normal cells: what do cancer cells do?

A

cancer cells are different from normal body cells + present antigens on their cell-surface membrane

26
Q

What are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called?

A

antigen-presenting cells

27
Q

Why are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called antigen-presenting cells?

A

as they can present antigens of other cells on their own cell-surface membrane

28
Q

What do T lymphocytes respond to only?

A

antigens that are presented on a body cell

29
Q

What is the T lymphocyte response called? (hint- immunity)

A

cell-mediated immunity or cellular response

30
Q

Why is the role of the receptors on T cells important?

A

receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen

31
Q

As receptors on each T cell respond to a single antigen, what follows?

A

there’s a vast number of different types of T cell, each one responding to a different antigen

32
Q

Stage 1 in response of T lymphocytes to infection by pathogen: what do pathogens do?

A

pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by phagocytes

33
Q

Stage 2 in response of T lymphocytes to infection by pathogen: what do phagocytes do to the antigens?

A

phagocytes places antigens from the pathogen on its cell-surface membrane

34
Q

Stage 3 in response of T lymphocytes to infection by pathogen: what do receptors on a specific helper T cell do?

A

receptors of specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens

35
Q

Stage 4 in response of T lymphocytes to infection by pathogen: what does the attachment of the receptors on helper T cells to antigens do?

A

activates T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis + form clone of genetically identical cells

36
Q

Stage 5 in response of T lymphocytes to infection by pathogen: what can the cloned T cells do? (4)

A

develop into memory cells that enable rapid response to future infections by same pathogen

stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

stimulate B cells to divide + secrete their antibody

activate cytotoxic T cells

37
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens

38
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells + body cells that are infected by pathogens?

A

by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane

39
Q

What does the holes made by cytotoxic T cells from perforin mean?

A

cell membrane becomes freely permeable to all substances + cell dies as a result

40
Q

What does the cytotoxic T cells perforin making holes in the cell surface membrane and it becoming freely permeable to all cells and cell dying show?

A

show vital importance of cell-surface membranes in maintaining integrity of cells and hence their survival

41
Q

What is the action of T cells most effective against and why?

A

viruses as they replicate inside cells
viruses use living cells to replicate, this sacrifice of body cells prevents viruses multiplying and infecting more cells

B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions