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B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > 5.5- ANTIBODIES > Flashcards

5.5- ANTIBODIES Flashcards

1
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells

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2
Q

What do B cells do when a body is infected by non-self material?

A

specific antibody

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3
Q

What does the specific antibody produced by a B cell do?

A

reacts with antigen on surface of non-self material by binding to them

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4
Q

How many binding sites does an antibody have?

A

two

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5
Q

What are the binding sites of an antibody like?

A

two identical binding sites

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6
Q

What are the antibody binding sites complementary to?

A

specific antigen

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7
Q

How is the massive variety of antibodies possible?

A

as they’re made of proteins- molecules that occur in almost infinite number of atoms

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8
Q

What are antibodies made up of?

A

four polypeptide chains

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9
Q

What is the long chain of one pair of antibodies called?

A

heavy chains

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10
Q

What is the shorter chain of one pair of antibodies called?

A

light chains

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11
Q

What is specific on each antibody?

A

specific binding site that fits very precisely onto a specific antigen to form antigen-antibody complex

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12
Q

Is the binding site the same on different antibodies

A

no- they’re different

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13
Q

As the binding site is different from different antibodies, what are they called?

A

variable region

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14
Q

What does each binding site consist of?

A

sequence of amino acids that form specific 3D shape that bonds directly to specific antigen

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15
Q

What is the rest of the region of the antibody, apart from the variable region known as?

A

constant region

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16
Q

What does the constant region of the antibody bind to?

A

bind to receptors on cells such as B cells

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17
Q

What do antibodies do and not do the antigens?

A

do not destroy antigens directly but rather prepare antigen for destruction

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18
Q

How can antigens assist in the destruction of a bacteria cell? (2)

A

cause agglutination of cell
clumps of bacterial cells formed, making it easier for phagocytes to locate them as they’re less spread-out within body

then serve as markers that stimulate phagocytes to engulf bacterial cells to which they’re attached

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19
Q

Why can monoclonal antibodies be used to target specific substances + specific cells?

A

as an antibody is very specific to particular antigen (protein)

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20
Q

What is one type of cell monoclonal antibodies can target?

A

cancer cells

21
Q

What is by far the most successful way to treat cancer with monoclonal antibodies?

A

direct monoclonal antibody therapy

22
Q

What is direct monoclonal antibody therapy? (3)

A

monoclonal antibodies produced that are specific to antigens on cancer cells

these antibodies given to patient + attach themselves to receptors on their cancer cells

they attach to surface of their cancer cells + block the chemical signals that stimulate their uncontrolled growth

23
Q

Example of a monoclonal antibody used to treat breast cancer?

A

Herceptin

24
Q

What is the advantage of direct monoclonal antibody therapy?

A

since antibodies not toxic + are highly specific, they lead to fewer side effects than other forms of therapy

25
Q

What is indirect monoclonal antibody therapy?

A

involves attaching radioactive or cytotoxic drug to a monoclonal antibody
when antibody attaches to cancer cells, it kills them

26
Q

What is a cytotoxic drug?

A

drug that kills cells

27
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies as those used in indirect monoclonal antibody therapy referred to as?

A

‘magic bullets’

28
Q

Why can monoclonal antibodies used in indirect monoclonal antibody therapy be used in smaller doses?

A

as they’re targeted on specific sites

29
Q

Why is using monoclonal antibodies being used in smaller doses in indirect monoclonal antibody therapy good? (2)

A

its cheaper + reduces any side effects drug might have

30
Q

Examples of diseases monoclonal antibodies have been used to diagnose? (3)

A

influenza
hepatitis
chlamydia infections

31
Q

How quick are monoclonal antibodies in diagnosing diseases in comparison to conventional methods of diagnosis?

A

much more rapid

32
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies important in diagnosing?

A

certain cancers

33
Q

What do men with prostate cancer produce more of and what does this lead to?

A

protein called prostate specific antigen (PSA) leading to unusually high levels of it in blood

34
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to measure the level of PSA in a sample of blood?

A

using a monoclonal antibody that interacts with this antigen

35
Q

What is a higher than normal level of PSA not diagnostic of, but is “something”?

A

not itself diagnostic of disease but gives early warning of its possibility + needs for further tests

36
Q

Why is it important for a mother to know as early as possible that she is pregnant?

A

certain actions she can take to ensure welfare of herself + her unborn baby

37
Q

What can the use of pregnancy testing kits be used for?

A

early detection of pregnancy

38
Q

What do pregnancy testing kits rely on?

A

fact that placenta produces hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) + this found in mother’s urine

39
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies present on the test strip of a home pregnancy testing kit linked to?

A

coloured particles

40
Q

What happens if there is hCG present in the urine when using a pregnancy test?

A

hCG binds to these antibodies

41
Q

What does the hCG-antibody-colour complex do? (pregnancy testing)

A

moves along strip until it’s trapped by different type of antibody creating a coloured line

42
Q

What is used for the production of monoclonal antibodies? (ethical issues)

A

mice

43
Q

How are mice used in the production of monoclonal antibodies? (ethical issues)

A

used to produce antibodies + tumour cells

44
Q

What does the production of tumour cells in mice involve? (ethical issues)

A

deliberately inducing cancer in mice

45
Q

What have monoclonal antibodies be used to successfully treat?

A

cancer and diabetes

46
Q

Example of deaths associated with use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

use in treatment of multiple sclerosis

47
Q

As there have been deaths associated with the use of monoclonal antibodies with treatment, what is important regarding patients?

A

patients have full knowledge of risks + benefits of drugs before giving permission for them to be used (= informed consent)

48
Q

What does testing for safety of new drugs present?

A

certain dangers

49
Q

What must society use to make decisions about the use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

ethical issues raised + current scientific knowledge about monoclonal antibodies

B5- CELL RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (7 decks)

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