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The Comeback is Real Hocker > 5.6 > Flashcards

5.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of events from the time a system is powered on until the OS kernel is loaded memory space and begins executing?

A

Boot process

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2
Q

What is the set of instructions embedded onto a ROM, PROM, or EEPROM that tells the device how to communicate with other hardware and software?

A

Firmware

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3
Q

What is the format that a new hard drive come in?

A

Low-level format

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4
Q

Groups consecutive sectors together and prepares the hard drive for storing a file system.

A

Partitioning

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5
Q

Groups sectors into addressable clusters used by a file system for storing and retrieving disk data.

A

High-level format

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6
Q

The partition is referred to as a ____ _____ after being assigned a label.

A

Disk Volume

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7
Q

What are the steps to the boot process in Legacy Systems?

A
  1. ) Computer powers on
  2. ) Microprocessor receives power good signal and wakes the CPU
  3. ) BIOS code is loaded into memory and begins executing.
  4. ) BIOS reads CMOS RAM chip
  5. ) Determines if boot is hot or cold boot\
  6. ) BIOS builds a device tree to locate bootable media and search for a Volume Boot Sector.
  7. ) If VBS is not found it searches for MBR
  8. ) Loads the MBR and executes first stage boot loader.
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8
Q

What type of boost occurs when the computer is initially powered on?

A

Cold boot

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9
Q

What type of boot occurs when the OS is restarted without an interrupt to power

A

Warm boot

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10
Q

Created when a hard disk is partitioned and contains a partition table to identify the location of all created partitions.

A

Master Boot Record (MBR)

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11
Q

Marks the end of the sector and serves as a validation check for the MBR.

A

Boot signature

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12
Q

What hex value must the boot signature contain?

A

AA55 or 55AA.

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13
Q

The boot signature can help a user determine what?

A

Big endian (AA55) or little endian (55AA)

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14
Q

The MBR contains a 64-byte partitions table located at byte offsets (___ through ____).

A

446 through 509 (0x1BE to 0x1FD)

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15
Q

What are the different fields of the MBR and the locations of each?

A
  • State of Partition (Offset 0)
  • Head where the partition starts (Offset 1)
  • Sector and cylinder where the partition starts (Offset 2)
  • Type of Partition (Offset 4)
  • Head where the partition ends. (Offset 5)
  • Sector and cylinder where the partition ends. (Offset 6)
  • Distance, in sectors, from the partition sector to the first sector of the partition. (Offset 8)
  • Number of sectors in the partition. (Offset 12)
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16
Q

What are the partition types and hex values for them?

A
  • FAT 12 (0x01)
  • FAT 16 (0x0e)
  • FAT 32 (0x0c)
  • Linux Native (0x83)
  • Linux Swap (0x82)
  • BSD/386 (0xA5)
  • Extended (0x05)
  • NTFS (0x07)
  • Unknown (0xde)
  • GPT disk (0xee)
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17
Q

What is the maximum supported partition size of the MBR?

A

2 TB

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18
Q

What is the Second stage boot loader for Windows XP and earlier?

A

NTLDR

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19
Q

What is the Second Stage Boot Loader for Windows Vista and later?

A

BOOTMGR

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20
Q

What is the Second Stage Boot Loader for Linux?

A

LILO/GRUB

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21
Q

Short version of boot process.

A
  1. ) BIOS (Real Mode)
  2. ) MBR (Real Mode)
  3. ) BOOT (Real Mode)
  4. ) Kernel (Real Mode)
  5. ) Kernel (Protected Mode)
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22
Q

Mode where full access to physical memory is available.

A

Real Mode

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23
Q

Mode where access to memory is controlled.

A

Protected Mode

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24
Q

An improved method of booting due to its highly secure way of carrying out the boot process and checking the integrity of drivers and OS boot loaders using verification and initialization of digitally signed code.

A

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

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25
A special partition called the _______ stores files required to be launched by the firmware in UEFI.
UEFI System Partition
26
Type of boot where unsigned OS boot loaders or firmware drivers are not able to load.
Secure Boot
27
Advantages of UEFI over BIOS.
* Ability to boot from larger disks with a GPT * Supports 32-bit or 64-bit processor mode * Works with MBR or GPT partitioning schemes * CPU-independent architecture and rivers * Secure Boot
28
A disk-partitioning standard that uses logical block addressing (LBA).
Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT)
29
How many sectors are reserved for the partition entry?
32, 512-byte sectors
30
What is the Model GPT Scheme (LB Levels)?
* LBA 0 Protective MBR * LBA 1 Primary GPT Header * LBA 2-33 Partition entries * LBA 34 Start of Partitions
31
What defines the usable blocks on the disk and the number and size of the partition entries that make up the partition table?
GPT header
32
How does GPT provide redundancy?
GPT writes the GPT header and partition table at the beginning and end of the disk.
33
What are the six phases of the UEFI boot process?
1. ) Security (SEC) 2. ) Pre-EFI Initialized (PEI) 3. ) Driver Execution Environment (DXE) 4. ) Boot Device Selection (BDS) 5. ) Transient System Load (TSL) 6. ) Run Time (RT)
34
UEFI boot phase where the firmware is initialized.
Security (SEC)
35
UEFI boot phase where low-level hardware is initialized.
Pre-EFI Initialization (PEI)
36
UEFI boot phase where UEFI drivers are loaded and executed.
Driver Execution Environment (DXE)
37
UEFI boot phase where a GPT or MBR determination is made based on boot configuration.
Boot Device Selection (BDS)
38
UEFI boot phase where depending on the Boot Device selected in the BDS phase, the firmware boots an OS loader or the UEFI Shell or an UEFI application.
Transient System Load (TSL)
39
UEFI boot phase where the UEFI program is cleared from memory and released to the OS.
Run Time (RT)
40
What defines the way data is named, stored, organized, and accessed on a disk volume.
File system
41
What are the five layers of a file system?
1. ) Physical Layer 2. ) File System Layer 3. ) Data Layer 4. ) Metadata Layer 5. ) Filename Layer
42
Layer of the file system that contains data that describes the file system structural details such as file allocation unit sizes, structure offsets, and mounting information.
File System Layer
43
Layer of the file system that pertains to the type of the media containing the file system.
Physical Layer
44
Layer of the file system that sores where the actually file and directory data
Data Layer
45
Flag where a file is actively using the block/clusters
Allocated
46
Flag where the block/cluster is not being used by a file.
Unallocated
47
What is a data structure that uses a bit for each block/cluster to flag it as either allocated or unallocated?
A bitmap
48
Occurs when files are stored in sequential block/cluster addresses.
Contiguous file allocation
49
Occurs when data is stored in non-sequential block/cluster addresses.
Non-contiguous file allocation
50
The process of locating data using pointers.
Linked allocation
51
Each file has an index that contains location pointers for each piece of the file.
Indexed allocation
52
Layer that contains data that describes a file.
Metadata Layer
53
Layer that is how the user interfaces with the file system and contains data that assigns a name to each file.
Filename Layer
54
Provides an OS with access to the entire instruction set of the CPU.
Kernel Mode
55
What may the Kernel be responsible for?
* Process Management * Memory Management * Device Management * File System Management * System Call Control * Thread Scheduling * Interrupt and Exception Handling * Synchronization with CPU(s)
56
How does a program gain access to the Kernel?
Through System Calls and Handles
57
What are 4 general design components common to all three types of kernels?
* Applications * Application Programming Interface (API) * Kernel * Hardware Abstraction
58
What are user mode programs providing OS interface and functionality?
Applications
59
What is a documented interface for requesting protected OS services and is the library of functions use to invoke system calls?
Application Programming Interface (API)
60
What is the program consisting of core OS functions designed specifically for interacting with various hardware components such as CPU scheduling, interrupt and exception handling, and CPU synchronization?
Kernel
61
What is the architecture dependent code used by the kernel to interact with different hardware architectures?
Hardware Abstraction Layer
62
Linux Specific OS Layer
* GNU C Libraries (glibc) * System Call Interface * Architecture-dependent Code
63
Linux OS component that contains callable functions used to invoke system calls
GNU C Libraries (glibc) Layer
64
Linux OS component that converts a system call to the requested kernel service.
System Call Interface Layer
65
Linux OS component that serves as the processor and platform-specific code for the given architecture.
Architecture-dependent Code Layer
66
Windows Specific OS Layers
* Subsystem * Native API * Executive * HAL
67
Windows OS component that contains callable functions that are located in a suite of libraries called Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) and are used to provide an exposed documented interface for requesting protected OS services.
Subsystem Layer
68
Windows OS component that translates the request int the actual system call.
Native API Layer
69
Windows OS component that contains higher-level capabilities, such as access control, process management, memory management, and I/O management.
Executive Layer
70
The layer of code in the Windows OS that isolates the kernel and device drivers from hardware specifics.
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
71
Android Specific OS components
* Linux Kernel * Libraries * Application Framework * Applications
72
Android OS component that is used in place of HAL and provides memory management, process management, a security model, networking, and a lot of core OS infrastructure.
Linux Kernel Layer
73
Android OS component that contains the Android Runtime.
Libraries Layer
74
A procedure of developing applications on an Android platform written in Java using tools and API libraries provided by Android Software Development Kit (SDK)
Application Framework Layer
75
iOS Specific Layers
* Device Drivers * Core OS * Core Services * Media * Cocoa Touch * Applications
76
Consists of the Mach kernel environment, device drivers, BSD library functions, and other low-level components. (iOS)
Device Drivers Layer
77
Defines programming interfaces related to hardware and networking. (iOS)
Core OS Layer
78
A set of Mac OS X and iOS API's. (iOS)
Core Services Layer
79
Incorporates technologies used to play, record, and edit audiovisual media and for rendering and animating 2D and 3D graphics. (iOS)
Media Layer
80
Includes a technology framework for building an application's user interface. (iOS)
Cocoa Touch Layer
81
Apple and third-party developed and approved applications. (iOS)
Applications Layer

The Comeback is Real Hocker (17 decks)

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