5.4

Question 1

Files in UNIX are treated as ______ meaning they can contain any characters.

Answer 1

Byte streams

Question 2

Linux provides a standard hierarchy for all UNIX-like OSs called the ___________. Under this directory structure, all directories and file fall under a root directory.

Answer 2

Linux File System Hierarchy

Question 3

In Linux OSs the __ character indicates the root of the file system.

Answer 3

( / ) forward slash

Question 4

The system administrator’s (root user) home directory.

Answer 4

/root

Question 5

Directory that contains a subdirectory for each user who has logged on to the system.

Answer 5

/home

Question 6

Enables each user to save individualized system preferences when logged on.

Answer 6

Profiles

Question 7

Contains the system wide environment and startup programs in UNIX.

Answer 7

/etc/profile

Question 8

A ___ character references paths that start with a user’s home directory.

Answer 8

( ~ ) tilde

Question 9

Directory that contains static files of the boot loader; required to boot the system

Answer 9

/boot

Question 10

Directory that contains essential command binaries (e.g., cp, mkdir, ls, less).

Answer 10

/bin

Question 11

Directory that contains essential system binaries. Commands intended for use by privileged users (e.g., init, fdisk, ifconfig, lsmod).

Answer 11

/sbin

Question 12

Second major hierarchy. User system resources such as user binaries and associated documentation, libraries, and header files.

Answer 12

/usr

Question 13

Directory that contains shared libraries.

Answer 13

/lib

Question 14

Directory that contains device files (block and character).

Answer 14

/dev

Question 15

Directory that contains system administration and configuration files.

Answer 15

/etc

Question 16

Directory that contains user home directories

Answer 16

/home

Question 17

Directory that contains optional 3rd party software.

Answer 17

/opt

Question 18

Directory that contains processes used by the system.

Answer 18

/proc

Question 19

Directory that contains the root user’s home directory.

Answer 19

/root

Question 20

Directory that contains temporary files used by the system.

Answer 20

/tmp

Question 21

Directory that contains variable size data such as log files.

Answer 21

/var

Question 22

Which command displays the current working directory in UNIX?

Answer 22

/pwd

Question 23

Display text to standard output. (UNIX)

Answer 23

echo

Syntax: echo (standard output)

Question 24

Creates a typescript of the terminal session (everything printed on the terminal). CTRL + d ends the script session. View results using less. (UNIX)

Answer 24

script

Syntax:
script (filename)

Question 25

Prints system information. (UNIX)

Answer 25

uname Options: -a (Print all information.)

Question 26

Lists directory contents in a tree-like form . (UNIX)

Answer 26

tree Options: - C (Turn Colorization on) - F (Append a "/" for directories)

Question 27

Lists contents of a directory. (UNIX)

Answer 27

ls Options: - l (Long list - shows ownership, permission, and links) - i (Displays inode number in the first field) - s (Displays number of file system blocks used by file) - a (List all files including invisible files)

Question 28

Creates an empty file. (UNIX)

Answer 28

touch Options: -t (Manipulates the file's access date/time stamp) Syntax: touch (newemptyfile) touch -t YYMMDDHHMM (filename)

Question 29

Creates a link between files or directories. (UNIX)

Answer 29

ln Options: -s (Creates a symbolic link to another file (similar to a shortcut in Windows) ) Syntax: ln -s (filename) (linkname)

Question 30

Copies a file to a file or copies multiple files to a directory. (UNIX)

Answer 30

cp Options: -r (Recursively copy directories.) Syntax: cp (source-filename) (destination-filename) cp -r (source-directory) (destination-directory)

Question 31

Moves or renames files and directories. (UNIX)

Answer 31

mv Syntax: mv (original-filename) (new-filename)

Question 32

Removes an empty directory. (UNIX)

Answer 32

rmdir Syntax: rmdir (emptydirectory)

Question 33

Removes a file (UNIX)

Answer 33

rm Options: - r (Remove a directory and its contents recursively.) - f (Ignore nonexistent files, never prompt (force) Syntax: rm (filename) rm -rf (directory_with_files)

Question 34

A program used to create and modify text files.

Answer 34

Text Editor

Question 35

Unix Text Editor

Answer 35

vi (vee-eye, short for visual)

Question 36

What are three appealing aspects of vi?

Answer 36

* vi is normally supplied with all UNIX systems * vi requires very little memory * vi uses standard alphanumeric keys for commands

Question 37

Creates or edits a text file. (UNIX)

Answer 37

vi Syntax: vi (filename)

Question 38

What are the two modes of operation in the vi editor?

Answer 38

Command mode and Insert Mode

Question 39

Characters typed perform actions like moving cursor, cutting or copying text, or searching for a particular text string. vi opens in this mode.

Answer 39

Command Mode

Question 40

Actual text is typed or overwritten.

Answer 40

Insert Mode

Question 41

What are 7 common Insertion Commands?

Answer 41

i (Insert before cursor) a (Append after cursor) o (Insert below current line) O (Insert above current line) yy (Copy line into memory (yank-yank) ) p (Works with yy to (put) whatever line was copied, onto the existing or next line) 5p (Places five lines of what was copied, at cursor)

Question 42

What are 3 deletion command?

Answer 42

x (Delete current character) r (Replace current character) dd (Delete current line)

Question 43

What are 5 navigation commands?

Answer 43

``` h (Move cursor one place to the left) l (Move cursor one place to the right) j (Move cursor one place down) k (Move cursor one place up) / (Searches within the document for a string) ```

Question 44

What are 3 additional commands?

Answer 44

:set nu (Displays line numbers for each line of text) :(line number) Jumps to a given (line number) :set nonu (Removes line numbers from each line of text)

Question 45

What are 4 exit commands?

Answer 45

:w (Writes (saves) latest changes to the file) :q (Quits, leaving vi open in command mode) :q! (Quits vi without saving changes) :wq! (Saves file and any changes, and quits vi.)

Question 46

What are text viewer programs called?

Answer 46

Pagers

Question 47

Displays file contents one screen at a time. (UNIX)

Answer 47

more Syntax: more (filename)

Question 48

Displays the first 10 lines of a file. (UNIX)

Answer 48

head Syntax: head (filename)

Question 49

Displays the last 10 lines of a file. (UNIX)

Answer 49

tail Syntax: tail (filename)

Question 50

Displays file(s) contents to the screen and can concatenate (combine) files. (UNIX)

Answer 50

cat Syntax: cat (filename) (other_filename) cat (filename1) (filename2) > (bothfiles) cat (filename1) >> (newfile)

Question 51

Locates files having certain specified characteristics. (UNIX)

Answer 51

find Syntax: find (directory_to_start_from) -(options) (patterns)

Question 52

Displays full path (location) of most (shell) commands. (UNIX)

Answer 52

which Syntax: which (command)

Question 53

Displays a snapshot status of active processes. (UNIX)

Answer 53

ps Options: - e (Lists information about every process running) - l (Displays in a long format) - f (Generates a list in full mode format) Syntax: ps -elf

Question 54

A process running in the background is called what?

Answer 54

Daemon

Question 55

Stops a process from running using its PID. (UNIX)

Answer 55

kill Options: -9 (Used to kill a stubborn process that won't die) Syntax: kill [option] (pid)

Question 56

Stops a process from running using its process name. (UNIX)

Answer 56

pkill Options: - 9 (Used to kill a stubborn process that won't die) - HUP (Used to immediately re-spawn a process to effect configuration changes. Stands for Hang-Up) Syntax: pkill [option] (process_name)

Question 57

Maintains a history file of all commands run by a particular user in that shell. (UNIX)

Answer 57

history Syntax: history

Question 58

Character to run a command from the history log. (UNIX)

Answer 58

( ! ) exclamation point Syntax: ! (line number from history command output)

Question 59

Determines file type. (UNIX)

Answer 59

file Syntax: file (filename)

Question 60

Prints the strings of printable characters in a file. (UNIX)

Answer 60

strings Syntax: strings (filename)

Question 61

Displays who the user is logged in as; at this moment (after switching user.) (UNIX)

Answer 61

whoami Syntax: whoami

Question 62

Displays user login information including login name, time, terminal, and more. (UNIX)

Answer 62

who Syntax: who

Question 63

Displays information about the user(s) logged in and what they are doing. (UNIX)

Answer 63

w Syntax: w

Question 64

Prints or sets the system date and/or time. (UNIX)

Answer 64

date Options: -s (date/time) Syntax: date

Question 65

Tape archive utility used to archive files to tape or disk. (UNIX)

Answer 65

tar Options: c (Create) t (List table of contents of tar file) x (Extract, must be in target directory to extract) v (Verbose, list each file as tar reads/write) f (Read/write to or from a file) c (Change to directory) Syntax: tar [options] (destination-file) (source)

Question 66

Compresses files and saves them with a .gz file extension. (UNIX)

Answer 66

gzip syntax: gzip (filename)

Question 67

Decompresses a gzip compressed file. (UNIX)

Answer 67

gunzip Syntax: gunzip (filename)

Question 68

Compresses files and saves them with a .bz2 file extension. (UNIX)

Answer 68

bzip2 Syntax: bzip2 (filename)

Question 69

Decompresses a bzip2 compressed file. (UNIX)

Answer 69

bunzip2 Syntax: bunzip2 (filename)

Question 70

Schedules a job/process for a one-time execution. (UNIX)

Answer 70

at Syntax: at (scheduled time) ENTER at> (Job/process to be performed at the scheduled time) [CTRL + d] (Places the job into the queue.)

Question 71

List user's pending jobs. (UNIX)

Answer 71

atq

Question 72

Deletes user's jobs identified by job number. (UNIX)

Answer 72

atrm

Question 73

Schedules periodic jobs. (UNIX)

Answer 73

crontab Options: - e (Edit the crontab) - l (List crontab entries)