5511 Deck 12 Extra Cards

Question 2

Identify:

What is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe?

Answer 2

Hydrogen

Question 3

Identify:

The total number of known elements.

Answer 3

118

92 are natural and 26 are artificially created.

Question 4

Identify:

The difference between a pure substance and a mixture.

Answer 4

• A pure substance is made up of only one compound or element.
• A mixture has two or more compounds/elements that do not form chemical bonds.

Question 5

Identify:

4 examples of homogeneous mixtures.

Answer 5

1. Alloys
2. Brass
3. Salt solution
4. Air

These examples exhibit uniform composition.

Question 6

Identify:

4 examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

Answer 6

1. Soil
2. Sand and sugar
3. Oil and water
4. Sandwich

These examples exhibit non-uniform composition.

Question 7

Define:

A combination reaction

Answer 7

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form one new substance.

Example format: A + B → AB.

Question 8

Define:

Decomposition reaction

Answer 8

A reaction where a single substance breaks down into two or more components.

Example format: AB → A + B.

Question 9

Define:

A single-replacement reaction

Answer 9

A reaction where a single element replaces an ion in an ionic compound.

Example format: A + BC → B + AC.

Question 10

Define:

A double-replacement reaction

Answer 10

A reaction where two ionic compounds swap ions.

Example format: AB + CD → CB + AD.

Question 11

Define:

A combustion reaction

Answer 11

A reaction in which a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to always produce carbon dioxide and water.

Example format: CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O. Fireworks demonstrate a combustion reaction.

Question 12

List:

Indicators that a chemical change has occurred.

Answer 12

• Heat or light given off
• Precipitate may form
• Color change may occur
• Gas may form (bubbling)

These signs help identify chemical reactions.

Question 13

List:

The three subphases of interphase.

Answer 13

• G1 phase (gap 1 phase)
• S phase (synthesis phase)
• G2 phase (gap 2 phase)

These phases occur in a specific order: G1 → S → G2.

Question 14

Explain:

What happens during the G1 phase.

Answer 14

The cell grows and replicates its organelles without duplicating its chromosomes.

RNA, proteins and enzymes are produced in preparation for the S phase.

Question 15

Explain:

What occurs during the S phase?

Answer 15

Chromosomes duplicate, creating sister chromatids.

Each duplicated chromosome is called a chromatid.

Question 16

Describe:

The primary activity during the G2 phase.

Answer 16

The cell continues to grow and undergoes more protein synthesis.

This phase prepares the cell for the upcoming division.

Question 17

Describe:

What happens after telophase in the cell cycle?

Answer 17

The cell reenters the cell cycle at G1 with one set of chromosomes.

This starts the cycle process all over again.

Question 18

Explain:

The role of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Answer 18

To organize and separate sister chromatids.

It forms during prophase and aligns chromatids during metaphase.

Question 19

Define:

Cellular respiration

Answer 19

The metabolic process by which living cells acquire chemical energy from food.

It involves biochemical reactions that break chemical bonds within food molecules, such as glucose.

Question 20

List:

The starting materials of glycolysis.

Answer 20

• Glucose
• ATP
• ADP
• NAD+
• Phosphate molecule

Glycolysis produces two pyruvate, two NADH and two net ATP.

Question 21

List:

What is produced during the transition reaction?

(formation of acetyl CoA)

Answer 21

• Acetyl-CoA
• Carbon dioxide
• NADH

This stage links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Question 22

List:

The products of the Krebs cycle.

Answer 22

• 6 Carbon dioxide
• 8 NADH
• 2 FADH2
• 2 ATP

This cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule.

Question 23

Describe:

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

A process that includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. It occurs in the mitochondria and produces a large number of ATP molecules.

Question 24

How many net ATP molecules are typically produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

36

This includes the total produced during glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 25

# Fill in the blank: The **energy** currency of **cells** is \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

ATP ## Footnote ATP is produced during cellular respiration and is essential for cellular functions.

Question 26

# List: The main stages of **aerobic respiration**.

Answer 26

* Glycolysis * Transition reaction * Krebs cycle * Oxidative phosphorylation ## Footnote Each stage plays a critical role in **energy** production.

Question 27

# Mention: The chemical equation for **photosynthesis**.

Answer 27

6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ## Footnote This equation shows the relationship between the **reactants** and **products** in **photosynthesis**.

Question 28

# List: The two stages of **photosynthesis**.

Answer 28

* Light-dependent stage * Light-independent stage ## Footnote These stages occur in different areas of the chloroplast.

Question 29

# Identify: Where the light-dependent stage of **photosynthesis** occurs.

Answer 29

In the granum of the **chloroplast**. ## Footnote This is where **chlorophyll** absorbs sunlight to initiate the process.

Question 30

# Explain: What happens during the **light-dependent stage** of **photosynthesis**?

Answer 30

**Water** is split into **hydrogen** and **oxygen**, and energy is stored as **NADPH** and **ATP**. ## Footnote Oxygen is released as a by-product during this stage.

Question 31

# Describe: What happens during the **light-independent stage** of **photosynthesis**?

Answer 31

**Carbon dioxide** is converted into **glucose** using the energy from the light-dependent stage. ## Footnote This stage occurs in the **stroma** of the **chloroplast**.

Question 32

# Define: Plastids

Answer 32

**Organelles in protists** that contain pigment molecules for photosynthesis. ## Footnote These pigments help in the absorption of sunlight.

Question 33

# Define: Bacteriochlorophyll

Answer 33

**Pigment molecules** used by some bacteria to absorb light energy for **photosynthesis**. ## Footnote These pigments are related to, but not the same as, true **chlorophyll** found in plants.

Question 34

# Identify: The basic structure of an **amino acid**.

Answer 34

R-CH(NH2)-COOH | Consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and R-group. ## Footnote A chain of amino acids composes the primary structure of a protein.

Question 35

# Explain: What distinguishes **essential amino acids** from **nonessential amino acids**.

Answer 35

**Essential amino acids** must be supplied through the **diet**; **nonessential amino acids** can be synthesized by the **body**. ## Footnote There are nine essential and eleven nonessential amino acids.

Question 36

# List: The four main types of **lipids**.

Answer 36

* Triglycerides * Phospholipids * Steroids * Waxes ## Footnote Triglycerides make up over 95% of dietary lipids.

Question 37

# Fill in the blank: Proteins are created by linking together amino acids into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 37

polypeptide chains ## Footnote This process is essential for protein structure and function.

Question 38

# List: The four possible bases in **DNA**.

Answer 38

* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine * Thymine

Question 39

# List: The types of **genetic inheritance**.

Answer 39

* Dominant and recessive * Sex linked (Y-linked and X-linked) * Incomplete dominance * Co-dominance * Polygenic * Mitochondrial ## Footnote Genetic inheritance comes from our **DNA**.

Question 40

# Identify: What significant event occurred **2.4 billion years ago**?

Answer 40

**Cyanobacteria** became the Earth's **first photosynthesizers**. ## Footnote They used water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose.

Question 41

# Explain: The significance of the **Cambrian Period** in biological history.

Answer 41

It saw an **explosion of new life forms** and the establishment of nearly all present types of animals. ## Footnote This period laid the foundations for modern ecosystems.

Question 42

# List: The three main **types of organisms** based on **cellular structure**.

Answer 42

* Prokaryotes * Eukaryotes * Producers/Consumers ## Footnote This classification helps in understanding the diversity of life.

Question 43

# Identify: The difference between **analogous structures** and **homologous structures**.

Answer 43

* Analogous structures: Similar traits in different organisms without a common ancestor. * Homologous structures: Similar traits in organisms with a common ancestor.

Question 44

# Explain: The significance of **convergent evolution**.

Answer 44

It leads to the **development of analogous structures** among different species facing similar environmental challenges.

Question 45

# List: Some examples of **chemical changes**.

Answer 45

* Combustion * Oxidation (rusting) * Fermentation * Reaction of acids and bases * Digestion