54 LARYNGEAL and PHARYNGEAL FXN

Question 1

Laryngeal descent (duration)

Answer 1

18-24 months

Question 2

Type of joint, cricoid arytenoid articulation

Answer 2

Ball and socket

Question 3

Only active abductor larynx

Answer 3

PCA

Question 4

Vocal cord adductors

Answer 4

Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricothyroid
Interarytenoid - but 3D modeling ahows isolated contraction actually abducts

Question 5

Thyroarytenoid muscles and indiv actions

Answer 5

Vocalis: shape
Muscularis: adductor

Question 6

Extrinsic laryngeal

Cranial vector
Caudal vector

Answer 6

Cranial: geniohyoid, anterior belly of Digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid

Caudal: sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

Question 7

Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal:
External:

Answer 7

Internal: sensory to supraglottis and vocal fold
External: cricothyroid

Question 8

Cough phases

Answer 8

Inspiratory - larynx opens widely to permid rapid and deep inhalation

Compressive - tight closure of glottis and strong activation of resp muscles

Sudden opening of larynx - sudden and rapid outflow of air

Question 9

Typed of sensory receptors in larynx

Answer 9

Airflow receptors - activated by air from mouth, NOT activated by air warmed through the nose

Drive receptors - proprioceptors that respond to laryngeal motion

Question 10

Circulatory reflexes:

Afferent limb:
Efferent limbS:

Answer 10

Afferent: SLN

Efferent:
Bradycardia: CN X
BP elevation: sympathetic nerve fibers

Question 11

Activated muscles during:

Oral
Nasal breathing

Answer 11

Oral: levator veli palatini
Nasal: constriction of oropharyngeal passage - activation of palatoglossus, medialization of faucial arches, elevation of base of tongue

Question 12

Five requirements for normal phonation:

Answer 12

Adequate breath support
Favorable vocal cord shape
Favorable vibratory properties
Approximation of vocal folds 
Control of length and tension

Question 13

Forces that contribute to return of vocal folds to midline

Answer 13

Bernoulli effect
Elastic forces in vocal fold
Pressure decrease

Question 14

Falsetto attributed to these properties of vocal fold

Answer 14

Increased tension

Decreased thickness

Question 15

Composition of specialized tissue that separates mucosa and muscle

Answer 15

Collagen
Elastin

Undulation is possible because mucosa and muscle are separated by specialized later of connective tissue that acts as shock absorber

Question 16

Layers and composition of the shock absorber

Answer 16

Superficial layer (Reinke Space) loose collagen and elastin

Intermediate: elastic

Deep: Dense collagen

Question 17

Intermediate plus deep layer

Answer 17

Vocal ligament

Question 18

PITCH CONTROL:

Mechanism of falsetto
Thyroarytenoid rising pitch
Thyroiarytenoid lowering pitch

Answer 18

Lowering pitch: (+) thyroarytenoid

Rising pitch: (+) cricothyroid, (+) thyroarytenoid

Falsetto: (+) cricothyroid, (-) thyroarytenoid

Question 19

Source filter hypothesis

Answer 19

Larynx is source of constant sound - shaped into words by upper vocal tract.

Consonants and vowels formed by lips, tongue, palate, pharynx