Chapter 1.3

Question 1

What tools were invented that made farming easier?

Answer 1

Hoes, sickles, and plow sticks

Question 2

Because of the advancement in farming what happened to the population?

Answer 2

It increased because there was more food available.

Question 3

How long did it take for villages to grow into cities?

Answer 3

Several generations.

Question 4

List an economic change:

Answer 4

Irrigation systems were built

Question 5

What were irrigation systems used for?

Answer 5

To have more land and to produce more crops

Question 6

Irrigation systems resulted in food surpluses, what did this do to jobs?

Answer 6

It allowed others to pursue other jobs and learn skills other than farming.

Question 7

What was the job of craftspeople?

Answer 7

To create valuable new products.

Question 8

What did craftspeople create?

Answer 8

Pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth.

Question 9

How did Traders create a profit?

Answer 9

They profited from trading craftspeople’s work, grains, and raw materials.

Question 10

List two important inventions, and why they were useful:

Answer 10

The wheel and the sail allowed traders to move goods over long distances.

Question 11

List a Social change:

Answer 11

The building and operation of large irrigation systems.

Question 12

What created social changes?

Answer 12

A more complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of village life.

Question 13

What would happen to social classes as cities grew?

Answer 13

They would become more defined.

Question 14

What did people believe in during the Old Stone Age?

Answer 14

They were centered around nature, animal spirits, and some idea of afterlife.

Question 15

What did they believe in during the New Stone Age?

Answer 15

Farming people believed in many gods and goddesses who had power over the forces of nature.

Question 16

Where do historians believe one of the first civilizations arose?

Answer 16

In Sumer located in Mesopotamia (a region of modern Iraq).

Question 17

Define a civilization:

Answer 17

A complex culture with 5 characteristics.

1. advanced cities
2. specialized workers
3. complex institutions
4. record keeping
5. advanced technology

Question 18

What is the difference between a city and a village?

Answer 18

A city is a center of trade for a larger area.

Question 19

List what specialized worked were needed as cities grew:

Answer 19

Traders
Government officials
Priests

Question 20

Define Specialization:

Answer 20

The development of skills in a specific kind of work.

Question 21

Define artisans:

Answer 21

Skilled workers who made goods by hand.

Question 22

How did Specialization help artisans?

Answer 22

It allowed them to develop their skills at designing jewelry, fashioning metal tools and weapons, or making clothing and pottery.

Question 23

What did artisans do for cities?

Answer 23

Helped them become the center of trade.

Question 24

How did the Inca record keep?

Answer 24

They used a quipu.

Question 25

What is a quipu?

Answer 25

A set of colored strings tied with different sized knot sat various intervals.

Question 26

What do the knots on a quipu represent?

Answer 26

A certain amount or its multiple.

Question 27

What does the color of each cord on a quipu represent?

Answer 27

The item being counted; people, animals, land, etc.

Question 28

Why was it necessary to have a system of ruling?

Answer 28

Because of large populations.

Question 29

Give an example of an institution:

Answer 29

Government

Question 30

Define institution:

Answer 30

A long lasting pattern of organization in a community.

Question 31

Give examples of complex institutions:

Answer 31

Government, religion, economy

Question 32

What happened to religion as cities grew?

Answer 32

It became a formal institution.

Question 33

What did Sumerians believe in?

Answer 33

That every. City belonged to a God who governed the cities activities.

Question 34

What was a temple used for?

Answer 34

The hub of government and religious affairs. The city's economic center where food and trade items were distributed.

Question 35

Whip kept record of what in early civilizations?

Answer 35

Government officials documented tax collections, the passage of laws, and the storage of grain. Priests needed a way to keep track of the calendar and important rituals. Merchants had to record accounts of debts and payments.

Question 36

What year did the Sumerians develop writing and what was it called?

Answer 36

3000 B.C. Called cuneiform

Question 37

Define cuneiform:

Answer 37

Wedged shaped

Question 38

What did early Sumerian writing consist of?

Answer 38

Pictographs-may bold of the object or what they represented.

Question 39

What was the scribes tool?

Answer 39

A stylus was a sharpened reed with wedged shaped point.

Question 40

What did they write on?

Answer 40

Moist clay that was then baked in the Sun to preserve writing.

Question 41

What improved technology did farmers use?

Answer 41

The power of animals and nature. Ox-drawn plows to turn the soil. Irrigation systems.

Question 42

What advanced technology did artisans rely on?

Answer 42

3500 B.C.they used the potters wheel to shape jugs, plates, and bowls.

Question 43

What advanced technology did Sumerian metal workers rely on?

Answer 43

That melting together certain amounts of copper and tin made bronze. Eventually they used bronze to make weapons instead of other materials creating the Bronze Age (3000 B.C.)

Question 44

What was the earliest city in Sumer and where was it located?

Answer 44

Ur located on the banks of the Euphrates River in what is now southern Iraq.

Question 45

What houses did the people of Ur live in?

Answer 45

Windowless, one story, boxlike houses packed tightly along the street. Wealthy families lived in two story houses with courtyard.

Question 46

What was it called where the merchants traded goods?

Answer 46

The bazaar or marketplace

Question 47

Define barter

Answer 47

Trading goods and services without currency.

Question 48

Ziggurat definition:

Answer 48

Mountain of God, a pyramid shaped mountain.

Question 49

What was the ziggurat?

Answer 49

A temple. It had 100 steps to the top where animals were sacrificed and offerings were made to the gods.

Question 50

When was the ziggurat at Ur damaged and how?

Answer 50

Gulf War of 1991, Iraq parked military planes near the ziggurat, hoping coalition forces wouldn't risk harming the ancient structure. It was not at tracks but hit by stray machine gun fire and surrounded by craters from bombs. 2003 Iraqi national museum of Baghdad attacked by looters.