5.3 Kidneys & Testing

Question 1

what does urine contain?

Answer 1

H20
urea
mineral salts
breakdown products of minerals, hormones and toxins

Question 2

what is present in urine if you have diabetes?

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

what is present in your urine if you have large amounts of muscle damage?

Answer 3

creatine

Question 4

(pregnancy) what does the site of a developing placenta produce?

Answer 4

hCG - human chorionic gonadotrophin

Question 5

(pregnancy) where can some hCG be found?

Answer 5

blood and urine of the mother

Question 6

(pregnancy) old pregnancy tests injected urine into a toad if the woman was pregnant what happened?

Answer 6

the HCG triggered egg production in the toad

Question 7

(pregnancy) what do modern tests for hCG rely on?

Answer 7

monoclonal antibodies

Question 8

(monoclonal antibodies) what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 8

antibodies from a single clone of cells produced to target particular cells/chemicals

Question 9

(monoclonal antibodies) a mouse is injected with what?

Answer 9

hCG to make the appropriate antibody

Question 10

(monoclonal antibodies) what happens to the beta cells that make the antibodies?

Answer 10

removed from spleen of mouse and fused with a myeloma (rapidly diffusing cancer cell)

Question 11

(monoclonal antibodies) what is the newly fused cell known as and what does it do?

Answer 11

hybridoma

reproduces rapidly resulting in a clone of millions of factories producing the desired antibody

Question 12

(monoclonal antibodies) what happens to the antibody?

Answer 12

collected, purified and used in a variety of ways

Question 13

(pregnancy) 1. what part of the test is soaked in urine?

Answer 13

wick

Question 14

(pregnancy)2. the test contains mobile monoclonal antibodies with what attached?

Answer 14

small coloured beads that only bind to hCG

Question 15

(pregnancy) 3. if pregnant hCG binds to the antibodies forming what?

Answer 15

hCG antibody complex

Question 16

(pregnancy) 4. the urine carries along the test structure until it reaches what?

Answer 16

a window

Question 17

(pregnancy) 5. what are arranged in a line or pattern at the window?

Answer 17

immobilised monoclonal antibodies that only bind to hCG antibody complex

Question 18

(pregnancy) 6. what appears if pregnant?

Answer 18

a coloured line/pattern

Question 19

(pregnancy) 7. the urine continues to where?

Answer 19

a second window

Question 20

(pregnancy) 8. what is at the second window?

Answer 20

immobilised monoclonal antibodies which only bind to monoclonal antibodies regardless of whether they are bound to hCG or not

Question 21

(pregnancy) 9. why does a coloured line form at the second window regardless of pregnancy?

Answer 21

to indicate the test is working

Question 22

(anabolic steroids) what are anabolic steroids?

Answer 22

drugs mimicking the action of testosterone stimulating muscle growth

Question 23

(anabolic steroids) are excreted in urine, how can the urine be tested to see if drugs are being used?

Answer 23

using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Question 24

(anabolic steroids) the urine sample is vapourised with a solvent and passed through where?

Answer 24

tube - the lining of which absorbs the gases

Question 25

(anabolic steroids) the tube is analysed to give what?

Answer 25

a chromatogram which can be used to show presence of drugs

Question 26

(drug testing) what are metabolites?

Answer 26

breakdown products of drugs

Question 27

(drug testing) what happens to drugs or metabolites and what does this mean?

Answer 27

filtered through kidneys and stored in bladder

traces can be found some time after drug use

Question 28

(drug testing) someone suspected of taking drugs can provide a urine sample divided in 2. what happens to the first?

Answer 28

tested using immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies to bind to the drug or metabolite

Question 29

(drug testing) someone suspected of taking drugs can provide a urine sample divided in 2. what happens to the second sample?

Answer 29

If first is positive it may be run through gas chromatography mass spectrometer to confirm drug presence

Question 30

(drug testing) how long does alcohol persist in urine?

Answer 30

6 - 24 hours

Question 31

(drug testing) how long do amphetamines persist in urine?

Answer 31

1 - 3 days

Question 32

(drug testing) how long does cannabis persist in urine?

Answer 32

22 hours - 30 days

Question 33

(drug testing) how long does cocaine persist in urine?

Answer 33

2-5 days

Question 34

(drug testing) why are there two tests?

Answer 34

to confirm initial findings of drugs

Question 35

(pregnancy testing) why might a pregnancy test display a false negative?

Answer 35

faulty test

used so early the blastocyst hasn’t joined to the uterus and hCG hasn’t yet formed