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Biology Chapter 16 (AQA) > 5.2 Diabetes > Flashcards

5.2 Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

in type 1 diabetes what are you unable to produce?

A

insulin

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2
Q

why dont you produce insulin? (Type 1)

A

beta cells in islets of langerhan don’t produce it

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3
Q

is the cause of type 1 diabetes known?

A

no

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4
Q

when does type 1 diabetes usually begin?

A

in childhood

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5
Q

what has it been suggested the immune system does in type 1 diabetes?

A

attacks its own beta cells

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6
Q

what can type 1 diabetes be controlled with?

A

regular insulin injections

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7
Q

a person with type 1 regularly checks their blood glucose concentration, how?

A

usually by pricking their finger

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8
Q

based on their blood glucose concentration what can a person with type 1 diabetes calculate?

A

how much insulin to inject

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9
Q

(Type 1) the amount of insulin injected does what to the amount of glucose absorbed by cells?

A

increases it

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10
Q

(type 1) the insulin injected also causes which g?

A

glycogenesis resulting in reduction of blood glucose concentration

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11
Q

when does hypoglycaemia occur?

A

when too much insulin is injected resulting in low blood glucose

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12
Q

when does hyperglycaemia occur?

A

when too little insulin is injected resulting in high blood glucose

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13
Q

what can be the result of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia?

A

unconsciousness and even death

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14
Q

in type 2 diabetes what can you not effectively do?

A

use insulin to control blood sugar levels

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15
Q

what 2 things can happen in type 2 diabetes?

A

beta cells don’t produce enough insulin

body cells don’t respond properly to insulin

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16
Q

why can body cells lose responsiveness to insulin? (type 2)

A

glycoprotein insulin receptor doesn’t work so they don’t take up enough glucose

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17
Q

what is type 2 diabetes associated with?

A

excess weight
lack of exercise
overeating refined carbohydrates

18
Q

your risk of type 2 diabetes increases with what?

A

age

19
Q

are symptoms more or less severe in type 2 diabetes?

A

less

20
Q

do symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop quickly or slowly?

A

slowly

21
Q

what is the first line of action in treating type 2?

A

regulating carbohydrate intake and matching it with exercise levels

22
Q

if overweight, what are type 2 patients encouraged to do?

A

lose weight

23
Q

the second line of action in treating type 2 involves using drugs, what do they do?

A

stimulate insulin production

slow down the rate the body absorbs glucose from the intestine

24
Q

what is the final course of action for type 2 diabetes?

A

injections

25
Q

where was insulin originally taken from?

A

cows and pigs

26
Q

what were the issues of taking insulin from cows and pigs?

A

difficult and expensive process

could cause allergic reactions

27
Q

since the structure of human insulin was found what is possible?

A

making of medically produced insulin by genetically modified bacteria

28
Q

what are the strengths of medically produced insulin?

A

less likely to cause reaction
produced in higher quantities
cheaper production costs
overcome ethical concerns of using animal products in humans

29
Q

how many people a year with diabetes receive a pancreas transplant?

A

1000

30
Q

what are issues with pancreas transplants?

A

demand outweighs availability

risks

31
Q

injections of pancreatic B islet cells have been attempted but what percent have been successful?

A

fewer than 8%

32
Q

what drugs can be given with transplant or injection?

A

immunosuppressant

33
Q

what do immunosuppressant drugs do? what is a risk?

A

reduce chances of rejection but they can leave a person susceptible to infection

34
Q

it has been suggested a small number of islet cells could do what in a type 1 diabetic?

A

restore insulin production

35
Q

what cell type could form islet cells?

A

totipotent stem cells

36
Q

what do totipotent stem cells have the potential to do?

A

form any cell types

37
Q

what is an ethical issue of using stem cells?

A

destruction of embryo

potential life

38
Q

what is an argument for using stem cells from embryos?

A

they would be destroyed anyways - leftover from IVF

39
Q

one benefit of stem cell use is donor availability, why is this a benefit?

A

stem cells produce unlimited source of beta cells

40
Q

embryonic stem cells also have a reduced chance of what?

A

rejection

41
Q

what is another strength for the patients?

A

no longer have to inject themselves with insulin

Biology Chapter 16 (AQA) (11 decks)

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