5.2 hormonal communication & glands

Question 1

what is an endocrine gland?

Answer 1

a group of cells secreting hormones directly into the blood stream

Question 2

give examples of some endocrine glands:

Answer 2

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
testis
pineal gland
thymus
pancreas
ovary

Question 3

what does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 3

produces growth hormones

Question 4

the pituitary gland releases the antidiuretic hormone what does this increase?

Answer 4

reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Question 5

the pituitary gland also releases gondotrophins what do these control the development of?

Answer 5

ovaries and testes

Question 6

what does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 6

thyroxine

Question 7

(thyroid gland) what does thyroxine do?

Answer 7

controls metabolism rate and the rate glucose is used up in respiration, promotes growth

Question 8

what does the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 8

adrenaline

Question 9

what does adrenaline (produced by the adrenal gland) do?

Answer 9

increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood sugar levels

Question 10

what do testes produce?

Answer 10

testosterone

Question 11

what does testosterone (produced by the testis) do?

Answer 11

control sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

Question 12

what does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 12

melatonin

Question 13

what does melatonin (produced by the pineal gland) do?

Answer 13

affects reproductive development and daily cycles

Question 14

what does the thymus produce?

Answer 14

thymosin

Question 15

what does thymosin (produced by the thymus) do?

Answer 15

promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

Question 16

what does the pancreas produce?

Answer 16

insulin and glucagon

Question 17

what does insulin (produced by the pancreas) do?

Answer 17

converts excess glucose to glycogen in liver

Question 18

what does glucagon (produced by the pancreas) do?

Answer 18

converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

Question 19

what does the ovary produce?

Answer 19

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 20

what does oestrogen (produced by the ovary) do?

Answer 20

controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics

Question 21

what does oestrogen and progesterone (produced by the ovary) do?

Answer 21

prepares uterus lining for receiving an embryo

Question 22

what is an exocrine gland?

Answer 22

a group of cells secreting chemicals through ducts into organs or the surface of the body

Question 23

give an example of where exocrine glands are found:

Answer 23

in the digestive system

Question 24

what are hormones?

Answer 24

chemical messengers carrying information from one part of the body to another

Question 25

what can hormones be?

Answer 25

``` steroids proteins glycoproteins polypeptides amines tyrosine derivatives ```

Question 26

what are tyrosine derivatives?

Answer 26

thyroid hormones and chatecholamines

Question 27

what are chatecholamines?

Answer 27

stress hormones released by the adrenal medulla important in the fight or flight response

Question 28

when a gland is stimulated what happens to hormones?

Answer 28

secreted directly into blood stream

Question 29

what change stimulates a gland?

Answer 29

change in substrate conc. | e.g. insulin released in response to blood glucose conc

Question 30

hormones can also be released due to the action of what?

Answer 30

another hormone or nerve impulse

Question 31

once secreted what do hormones travel in?

Answer 31

blood plasma

Question 32

when hormones diffuse out the blood what do they bind to?

Answer 32

specific receptors on the membrane or cytoplasm of target cells

Question 33

once bound to receptors what do hormones stimulate?

Answer 33

target cells to produce a response?

Question 34

why can STEROID hormones pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 34

lipid soluble

Question 35

where could receptors for STEROID hormones be?

Answer 35

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 36

what complex do STEROID hormones and receptors form?

Answer 36

hormone receptor complex

Question 37

what does the hormone receptor complex facilitate or inhibit? (STEROID)

Answer 37

transcription of a specific gene

Question 38

why can't non steroid hormones pass through membrane?

Answer 38

not lipid soluble

Question 39

where are the receptors for non steroid hormones found?

Answer 39

cell surface membrane

Question 40

when non steroid hormones bind to receptors what do they trigger a cascade of and by what chemicals?

Answer 40

events by second messengers